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SL22044 Neuroscience > Pain and analgesics 1 > Flashcards

Pain and analgesics 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is pain?

A

The subjective conscious appreciation of a stimulus that is causing, or threatening to cause, tissue damage

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2
Q

What is nociception?

A

The physical process of detection and transmission of damaging or potentially damaging (noxious) stimuli

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3
Q

What are nociceptors?

A

Structures that detect noxious stimulus

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4
Q

What is algesia?

A

The induction of a condition leading to nociception and pain

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5
Q

What is analgesia?

A

Reduction or prevention of either nociception or pain without loss of consciousness

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6
Q

What is the detection of touch?

A

Mecanoception

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7
Q

Which specific structures are involved in the perception of touch?

A

Merkel’s Disc, Pacinian Corpuscle, Meissners Corpuscle

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8
Q

What are the two main types of nociceptor?

A

Polymodal, mechanical

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9
Q

What type of mechanical stimuli do both types of nociceptor respond to?

A

High intensity

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10
Q

What level of thermal input can stimulate polymodal nociceptors?

A

> 45 degrees, <10 degrees

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11
Q

What level of thermal stimuli can stimulate mechanical nociceptors?

A

> 60 degrees

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12
Q

What is the order of structures for detecting a noxious stimulus?

A

Skin/viscera–> Sensory receptor–> primary afferent axon–> spinal cord

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13
Q

What are the types of receptor in nociceptors?

A

ASIC (acid sensing ion channel), Purinergic receptors (P2x3), Voltage gated Na+ channels, VR-1/TRPV-1

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14
Q

What is the main agonist of ASICs?

A

Protons

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15
Q

What is the main agonist of Purinergic receptors?

A

ATP

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16
Q

What type of stimulation do purinergic receptors respond to?

A

High intensity mechanical stimulation

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17
Q

What type of stimulation do voltage gated sodium channels respond to?

A

Mechanical stimulation

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18
Q

What is the main agonist of VR-1/TRPV-1?

A

H+, high levels of heat and capsaicin

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19
Q

Speed of nociceptive APs compared to touch APs?

A

Slower

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20
Q

Why are nociceptive APs slower than touch ones?

A

The C fibres are very thin and unmyelinated

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21
Q

Which type of fibre is used for nociception?

A

C and a delta

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22
Q

Which type of nociceptor is linked to c fibres?

A

Polymodal

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23
Q

Which type of nociceptor is linked to A delta fibres?

A

Mechanical

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24
Q

Why do APs flow down Adelta fibres quicker than C fibres?

A

The Adelta fibres are myelinated

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25
Why is there an initial pain felt, then a throbbing?
Different fibres transmit at different speeds so one transmits slower after the other
26
Which fibres are responsible for the initial pain?
A delta
27
Which pain fibres are responsible for the second pain?
C fibres
28
Which receptors detect reasonable temperatures (10-40 degrees)?
Thermoreceptors
29
Which receptors detect extreme temperatures?
Cold/heat pain receptors
30
Why do thicker fibres transmit APs quicker?
There is less resistance
31
Where does sensory input enter the spinal cord?
Through the dorsal root
32
Where is the first synapse (in the spinal cord) that is responsible for nociceptive input into the brain?
The most dorsal part of the spinal cord
33
Where does the AP go after it has gone through the first synapse in the spinal cord?
Crosses over to the other side of the body and goes up into the brain
34
What can the somatosensory part of the cortex receive input from?
Touch and nociception
35
What does the somatosensory cortex do with the touch and nociception?
Tells the brain where it has come from
36
Role of insular and anterior cingulate cortex in nociception?
Tells the brain that it is pain that is being experienced, affect your mood
37
How is the body mapped regarding pain perception and location?
As you go round the outside of the somatosensory cortex, different parts of it receive input form different body areas
38
What is the pain pathway to the brain?
Spinothalamic pathway/tract
39
Why is pain referred?
Not enough space in somatosensory cortex to have an acute sensation to map every part of the bodys pain
40
Which body parts have a good pain mapping (know where the pain is coming from)?
Skin
41
Which body parts have a poor pain mapping (don't know where the pain is coming from)?
Internal organs
42
Where does pain sourced in the oesophagus feel like its coming from?
Heart
43
What can hurt when having a heart attack?
Left arm
44
Which neurons are shared in referred pain?
Second order
45
What is the second order neuron?
The one after the first synapse in the spinal cord
46
What is hyperalgesia?
Increased response to a noxious stimulus
47
What is allodynia?
Painful responses to a non-noxious stimulus
48
Why is hyperalgesia a thing?
To protect already injured/damaged areas of the body
49
How does nociceptor sensitisation work?
Cut skin--> skin cells break--> intracellular components of skin cells is released into extracellular space--> some of these components are H+, ATP, K+ which are nociceptor agonists
50
Why does an elevated conc of extracellular K+ increase the amount of APs fired from a neuron?
Conc grad is disrupted meaning it is harder for the neurons to repolarise, makes them more excitable
51
What is unusual about nociceptive neurons?
They can release NTs from their dendritic end
52
Which NT is released from the dendritic end of nociceptive neurons?
Substance P
53
What does substance P do to blood vessels?
Activate receptors on blood vessels that makes them leaky
54
Outcome of substance P's action on blood vessels?
More nociceptor agonists are released, generating more nociceptive APs
55
Which cells does substance P recruit?
Mast cells
56
Action of mast cells?
Release histamine which makes blood vessels leaky
57
Which three molecules are used for healing the part of the body that has been damaged?
Bradykinin, prostagladin, neural growth factor
58
What does nerve growth factor do?
Sensitise the nociceptors by lowering their threshold for opening
59
What is peripheral sensitization?
Increased sensitivity of peripheral nociceptors
60
What is central sensitization?
Increased transmission in spinal cord
61
Which fibres do itch sensations travel down?
Adelta and C
62
Difference between pain and itch?
Analgesics don't inhibit itch, can imagine an itchy sensation but not a painful one
63
What kind of input cures an itch?
Nociceptive (scratching it hard)
64

SL22044 Neuroscience (110 decks)

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