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SL22044 Neuroscience > Pain and analgesics 1 > Flashcards

Pain and analgesics 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is pain?

A

The subjective conscious appreciation of a stimulus that is causing, or threatening to cause, tissue damage

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2
Q

What is nociception?

A

The physical process of detection and transmission of damaging or potentially damaging (noxious) stimuli

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3
Q

What are nociceptors?

A

Structures that detect noxious stimulus

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4
Q

What is algesia?

A

The induction of a condition leading to nociception and pain

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5
Q

What is analgesia?

A

Reduction or prevention of either nociception or pain without loss of consciousness

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6
Q

What is the detection of touch?

A

Mecanoception

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7
Q

Which specific structures are involved in the perception of touch?

A

Merkel’s Disc, Pacinian Corpuscle, Meissners Corpuscle

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8
Q

What are the two main types of nociceptor?

A

Polymodal, mechanical

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9
Q

What type of mechanical stimuli do both types of nociceptor respond to?

A

High intensity

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10
Q

What level of thermal input can stimulate polymodal nociceptors?

A

> 45 degrees, <10 degrees

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11
Q

What level of thermal stimuli can stimulate mechanical nociceptors?

A

> 60 degrees

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12
Q

What is the order of structures for detecting a noxious stimulus?

A

Skin/viscera–> Sensory receptor–> primary afferent axon–> spinal cord

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13
Q

What are the types of receptor in nociceptors?

A

ASIC (acid sensing ion channel), Purinergic receptors (P2x3), Voltage gated Na+ channels, VR-1/TRPV-1

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14
Q

What is the main agonist of ASICs?

A

Protons

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15
Q

What is the main agonist of Purinergic receptors?

A

ATP

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16
Q

What type of stimulation do purinergic receptors respond to?

A

High intensity mechanical stimulation

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17
Q

What type of stimulation do voltage gated sodium channels respond to?

A

Mechanical stimulation

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18
Q

What is the main agonist of VR-1/TRPV-1?

A

H+, high levels of heat and capsaicin

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19
Q

Speed of nociceptive APs compared to touch APs?

A

Slower

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20
Q

Why are nociceptive APs slower than touch ones?

A

The C fibres are very thin and unmyelinated

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21
Q

Which type of fibre is used for nociception?

A

C and a delta

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22
Q

Which type of nociceptor is linked to c fibres?

A

Polymodal

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23
Q

Which type of nociceptor is linked to A delta fibres?

A

Mechanical

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24
Q

Why do APs flow down Adelta fibres quicker than C fibres?

A

The Adelta fibres are myelinated

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25
Q

Why is there an initial pain felt, then a throbbing?

A

Different fibres transmit at different speeds so one transmits slower after the other

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26
Q

Which fibres are responsible for the initial pain?

A

A delta

27
Q

Which pain fibres are responsible for the second pain?

A

C fibres

28
Q

Which receptors detect reasonable temperatures (10-40 degrees)?

A

Thermoreceptors

29
Q

Which receptors detect extreme temperatures?

A

Cold/heat pain receptors

30
Q

Why do thicker fibres transmit APs quicker?

A

There is less resistance

31
Q

Where does sensory input enter the spinal cord?

A

Through the dorsal root

32
Q

Where is the first synapse (in the spinal cord) that is responsible for nociceptive input into the brain?

A

The most dorsal part of the spinal cord

33
Q

Where does the AP go after it has gone through the first synapse in the spinal cord?

A

Crosses over to the other side of the body and goes up into the brain

34
Q

What can the somatosensory part of the cortex receive input from?

A

Touch and nociception

35
Q

What does the somatosensory cortex do with the touch and nociception?

A

Tells the brain where it has come from

36
Q

Role of insular and anterior cingulate cortex in nociception?

A

Tells the brain that it is pain that is being experienced, affect your mood

37
Q

How is the body mapped regarding pain perception and location?

A

As you go round the outside of the somatosensory cortex, different parts of it receive input form different body areas

38
Q

What is the pain pathway to the brain?

A

Spinothalamic pathway/tract

39
Q

Why is pain referred?

A

Not enough space in somatosensory cortex to have an acute sensation to map every part of the bodys pain

40
Q

Which body parts have a good pain mapping (know where the pain is coming from)?

A

Skin

41
Q

Which body parts have a poor pain mapping (don’t know where the pain is coming from)?

A

Internal organs

42
Q

Where does pain sourced in the oesophagus feel like its coming from?

A

Heart

43
Q

What can hurt when having a heart attack?

A

Left arm

44
Q

Which neurons are shared in referred pain?

A

Second order

45
Q

What is the second order neuron?

A

The one after the first synapse in the spinal cord

46
Q

What is hyperalgesia?

A

Increased response to a noxious stimulus

47
Q

What is allodynia?

A

Painful responses to a non-noxious stimulus

48
Q

Why is hyperalgesia a thing?

A

To protect already injured/damaged areas of the body

49
Q

How does nociceptor sensitisation work?

A

Cut skin–> skin cells break–> intracellular components of skin cells is released into extracellular space–> some of these components are H+, ATP, K+ which are nociceptor agonists

50
Q

Why does an elevated conc of extracellular K+ increase the amount of APs fired from a neuron?

A

Conc grad is disrupted meaning it is harder for the neurons to repolarise, makes them more excitable

51
Q

What is unusual about nociceptive neurons?

A

They can release NTs from their dendritic end

52
Q

Which NT is released from the dendritic end of nociceptive neurons?

A

Substance P

53
Q

What does substance P do to blood vessels?

A

Activate receptors on blood vessels that makes them leaky

54
Q

Outcome of substance P’s action on blood vessels?

A

More nociceptor agonists are released, generating more nociceptive APs

55
Q

Which cells does substance P recruit?

A

Mast cells

56
Q

Action of mast cells?

A

Release histamine which makes blood vessels leaky

57
Q

Which three molecules are used for healing the part of the body that has been damaged?

A

Bradykinin, prostagladin, neural growth factor

58
Q

What does nerve growth factor do?

A

Sensitise the nociceptors by lowering their threshold for opening

59
Q

What is peripheral sensitization?

A

Increased sensitivity of peripheral nociceptors

60
Q

What is central sensitization?

A

Increased transmission in spinal cord

61
Q

Which fibres do itch sensations travel down?

A

Adelta and C

62
Q

Difference between pain and itch?

A

Analgesics don’t inhibit itch, can imagine an itchy sensation but not a painful one

63
Q

What kind of input cures an itch?

A

Nociceptive (scratching it hard)

64
Q
A

SL22044 Neuroscience (34 decks)

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