Pain and analgesics second half of 1 2.0 Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the AP go after it has gone through the first synapse in the spinal cord?

A

Crosses over to the other side of the body and goes up into the brain, into the thalamus

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2
Q

What type of input can the somatosensory part of the cortex receive?

A

Touch and nociception

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3
Q

What does the somatosensory cortex do with the touch and nociception?

A

Tells the brain where it has come from

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4
Q

Role of insular and anterior cingulate cortex in nociception?

A

Tells the brain that it is pain that is being experienced, affect your mood

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5
Q

How is the body mapped regarding pain perception and location?

A

As you go round the outside of the somatosensory cortex, different parts of it receive input form different body areas

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6
Q

What is the pain pathway to the brain?

A

Spinothalamic pathway/tract

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7
Q

Why is pain referred?

A

Not enough space in somatosensory cortex to have an acute sensation to map every part of the bodys pain

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8
Q

Which body parts have a good pain mapping (know where the pain is coming from)?

A

Skin

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9
Q

Which body parts have a poor pain mapping (don’t know where the pain is coming from)?

A

Internal organs

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10
Q

Where does pain sourced in the oesophagus feel like its coming from?

A

Heart

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11
Q

What can hurt when having a heart attack?

A

Left arm

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12
Q

Which neurons are shared in referred pain?

A

Second order

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13
Q

What is the second order neuron?

A

The one after the first synapse in the spinal cord

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14
Q

What is hyperalgesia?

A

Increased response to a noxious stimulus

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15
Q

What is allodynia?

A

Painful responses to a non-noxious stimulus

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16
Q

Why is hyperalgesia a thing?

A

To protect already injured/damaged areas of the body

17
Q

How does nociceptor sensitisation work?

A

Cut skin–> skin cells break–> intracellular components of skin cells is released into extracellular space–> some of these components are H+, ATP, K+ which are nociceptor agonists

18
Q

Why does an elevated conc of extracellular K+ increase the amount of APs fired from a neuron?

A

Conc grad is disrupted meaning it is harder for the neurons to repolarise, makes them more excitable

19
Q

What is unusual about nociceptive neurons?

A

They can release NTs from their dendritic end

20
Q

Which NT is released from the dendritic end of nociceptive neurons?

A

Substance P

21
Q

What does substance P do to blood vessels?

A

Activate receptors on blood vessels that makes them leaky

22
Q

Outcome of substance P’s action on blood vessels?

A

More nociceptor agonists are released, generating more nociceptive APs

23
Q

Which cells does substance P recruit?

A

Mast cells

24
Q

Action of mast cells?

A

Release histamine which makes blood vessels leaky

25
Which three molecules are used for healing the part of the body that has been damaged?
Bradykinin, prostagladin, neural growth factor
26
What does nerve growth factor do?
Activates TrkA receptor--> this sensitises nociceptors by lowering their opening threshold
27
What is peripheral sensitization?
Increased sensitivity of peripheral nociceptors
28
What is central sensitization?
Increased transmission in spinal cord
29
Which fibres do itch sensations travel down?
Adelta and C
30
Difference between pain and itch?
Analgesics don't inhibit itch, can imagine an itchy sensation but not a painful one
31
What kind of input cures an itch?
Nociceptive (scratching it hard)