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SL22044 Neuroscience > Memory and Dementia > Flashcards

Memory and Dementia Flashcards

1
Q

What can cause a short term memory loss?

A

Alcohol, head trauma etc

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2
Q

Two different types of amnesia?

A

Retrograde or anterograde

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3
Q

Retrograde amnesia?

A

Lose ability to recall memories that have already been learned

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4
Q

Anterograde amnesia?

A

Cant create new memories

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5
Q

What are demetias?

A

A family of symptoms characterized by a decline in cognitive functions sufficient to cause impairment in social and occupational performance

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6
Q

What is the first presenting feature of demetia?

A

Decline in memory

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7
Q

Most common form of dementia?

A

Alzheimers

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8
Q

What are initiation deficits/apathy?

A

Lacking the will to do something

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9
Q

What are visuo-spatial deficits?

A

Forgetting visual things/locations e.g. forgetting the way home/where they are etc

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10
Q

Most common alzheimer’s symptoms?

A

Memory, initiation, visuo-spatial and language deficits

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11
Q

Paraphasia?

A

Struggling to identify the right words

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12
Q

What drives executive function?

A

Frontal cortex

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13
Q

What is executive funciton?

A

Risk assessment–> motivated to do x thing but there may be a risk, weighing up pros and cons

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14
Q

Symptoms of having executive function issues?

A

V risk averse/v risky

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15
Q

What is psychosis?

A

A psychotic epidose–> is a symptom not a disease itself

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16
Q

Does psychosis occur in AZ?

A

Yes

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17
Q

How is psychosis treated in AZ?

A

Antipsychotics that are used to control schizophrenia

18
Q

Incidence of AZ with age?

A

Strongly correlated with age

19
Q

Cause of AZ?

A

Neurons in the brain dying

20
Q

Where is the first locus of AZ damage?

A

Temporal lobes

21
Q

What is found in the temporal lobes?

A

Hippocampus and entorhinal corex

22
Q

Why are memory deficits seen as the first symptoms of AZ?

A

FIrst affected parts are hippocampus and entorhinal cortex which are involved in memory

23
Q

What happens to the rest of the brian as AZ spreads?

A

AZ spreads around the brain

24
Q

Which parts of the brain are not affected by AZ?

A

Midbrain/brainstem

25
Q

Cause of AZ?

A

Extracellular plaques that form as a result of abnormal beta amyloid, and intracellular tangles made up of abnormal Tau protein

26
Q

Where is APP found?

A

Membrane spanning

27
Q

First action on APP?

A

Cleaved by alpha secretase

28
Q

What forms as a result of alpha secretase cleaving APP?

A

APP alpha (soluble)

29
Q

What effects does APP alpha have?

A

Trophic–> positive (“nourishes the neurons”)

30
Q

What happens to the rest of APP that isn’t cleaved into APP alpha?

A

Cleaved by gamma secretase into two smaller peptides that can be metabolised

31
Q

What happens to APP in AZ?

A

It gets cleaved by beta secretase

32
Q

Difference between alpha and beta secretase?

A

Cleavage position on APP

33
Q

What forms as a result of beta secretase cleavage of APP?

A

APP beta, and a larger peptide remnant

34
Q

What cleaves the larger protein remnant formed by beta secretase cleavage?

A

Gamma secratase

35
Q

What forms as a result of gamma secretase cleaving the larger peptide remnant from beta secretase?

A

Beta amyloid 40 or beta amyloid 42

36
Q

How is ApoE4 involved in AZ?

A

It can help beta amyloid 40/42 form plaques

37
Q

General role of ApoE4?

A

Helps cholesterol and fat soluble vitamins enter neurons

38
Q

What can beta amyloid plaques do?

A

Drive production of phosphorylated Tau

39
Q

What % of AZ cases are sporadic?

A

90%

40
Q

What may cause the formation of amyloid beta 40/42?

A

Enhancement of beta secretase as a result of environmental/disease/inflammation

41
Q
A

SL22044 Neuroscience (34 decks)

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