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SL22044 Neuroscience > GABA > Flashcards

GABA Flashcards

1
Q

What is the major inhibitory NT in the brain?

A

GABA

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2
Q

What kind of receptors can GABA activate?

A

Ionotropic and Metabotropic

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3
Q

How is GABA synthesised?

A

Enzymatically via the krebs cycle

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4
Q

What molecule is used to synthesise GABA in the krebs cycle?

A

glucose

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5
Q

Where is GABA synthesised?

A

Nerve terminal

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6
Q

What is the direct precursor to GABA?

A

Glutamate

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7
Q

Which enzyme converts glutamate to GABA?

A

Glutamic acid decarboxylase

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8
Q

Where are GABA transporters found?

A

Astrocytes and presynaptic nerve terminals

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9
Q

If the GABA isn’t recycled, what is it converted to in the presynaptic terminal?

A

Succinic semialdehyde

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10
Q

Which enzyme converts GABA to succinic semialdehye?

A

GABA transaminase

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11
Q

What is succinic semialdehyde an intermediate of?

A

Krebs cycle

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12
Q

What happens to GABA once it is reuptaken by astrocytes?

A

Converted to succinic semialdehyde

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13
Q

In which brain areas is GAB found?

A

Cerebellum, basal ganglia, hippocampus, hypothalamus, cortex

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14
Q

What kind of neurons is where GABA is principally found?

A

local interneurones

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14
Q

What could happen if the glutamate GABA balance gets out of control?

A

Seizures and epilepsy

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15
Q

How does a neuron having multiple synapses on its dendrites affect the APs it may/may not fire down its axon?

A

It sums all the potentials from them (e.g. +ve from glutamate, -ve from GABA) and then fires the AP depending on the overall potential

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16
Q

What kind of receptor is GABAa?

A

Ligand gated ion channel

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17
Q

What kind of receptor is GABAb?

A

GPCR

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18
Q

Where are GABAa receptors generally found?

A

postsynaptically

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19
Q

Where are GABAb receptors generally found?

A

pre and postsynaptically

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20
Q

What speed of inhibition does GABAa receptors mediate?

A

fast

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21
Q

What speed of inhibition does GABAb receptors mediate?

A

slow

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22
Q

To which ion is the GABAa ion channel permeable to?

A

Cl-

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23
Q

Which ion channels can be regulated as a result of the GPCR receptor GABAb?

A

Ca2+ and K+

24
Q

Which GABA receptor can inhibit transmitter release?

A

GABAb

25
Q

Why do GABAb receptors exhibit a slow inhibition?

A

Second messenger systems take time

26
Q

What does the K+ Cl- transporter do?

A

Transports K+ and CL- out of the postsynaptic neuron

27
Q

What is the result of the K+ Cl- transporter?

A

A low conc of Cl- is maintained within the cell (maintains conc grad)

28
Q

How many subunits make up the GABAa receptor?

A

5

29
Q

How many transmembrane domains does each GABAa subunit have?

A

4

30
Q

What is the role of the transmembrane 2 domain on the GABAa?

A

Pore forming segment

31
Q

What is the subunit makeup of a GABAa receptor?

A

2 alpha, 2 beta, 1 gamma

32
Q

Where does GABA bind on GABAa?

A

Interface between alpha and beta subunit

33
Q

Why isnt there 3 GABAa binding sites?

A

The orientation of one of the alpha beta interfaces is incorrect so it cant be used as a binding site

34
Q

Which subunit do the δ, ε, π, θ and ρ take the place of?

A

gamma

35
Q

What is dependent on the subunit composition of GABAa receptors?

A

The inhibitory effect and the spatial distribution of the receptors

36
Q

GABA agonists?

A

Muscimol

37
Q

GABA antagonists

A

bicuculline, gabazine

38
Q

What effect does the barbiturate/anesthetic binding site have on the GABAa receptor?

A

Prolong open time of channel

39
Q

What effect does the neurosteroid binding site have on the GABAa receptor?

A

Increase or decrease endogenous GABA inhibition

40
Q

Which molecules can bind to the channel blocking site?

A

Picrotoxin, pentylenetetrazole

41
Q

What effect does the channel blocking binding site have on the GABAa receptor?

A

block cl- permeability

42
Q

What effect does the benzodiazepine binding site have on the GABAa receptor?

A

increase frequency of channel opening

43
Q

What are GABAb receptors coupled to?

A

G alpha i/o

44
Q

What do GABAb receptors negatively regulate?

A

Adenyl cyclase and cyclic amp

45
Q

GABAb receptor agonists?

A

GABA, baclofen

46
Q

What do G beta gamma subunits regulate?

A

Ion channels

47
Q

What does the g beta gamma subunit do presynaptically?

A

Closes calcium ion channels

48
Q

What do GABAb receptors do postsynaptically?

A

Open K+ channels, allowing K+ to leave the cell thus hyperpolarising the postsynaptic neuron

49
Q

How many subunits are required to make a GABAb receptor?

A

2

50
Q

Where is GABAbR1?

A

In the ER

51
Q

Where is GABAbR2?

A

In the cell membrane

52
Q

What happens if there is a GABAbR2 that needs to be expressed in the cell surface?

A

GABAbR1 travels to the cell surface

53
Q

When GABAbR1 and 2 are expressed at the CSM, what type of interaction do their cytoplasmic domains form?

A

A coil-coil interaction

54
Q

Which subunit is on GABAb does GABA bind to?

A

GABAbR1

55
Q

What is baclofen used to treat?

A

muscle spasticity

55
Q
A
55
Q
A

SL22044 Neuroscience (7 decks)

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