Sleep and hypnotics first half 1.0

Question 2

What is sleep?

Answer 2

A readily reversible state of reduced responsiveness to, and interaction with, the environment

Question 3

What is obtundation?

Answer 3

a state of consciousness from which only painful stimuli will return the patient to full consciousness

Question 4

Functions of sleep?

Answer 4

Restorative, protective adaptation, metabolism/weight homeostasis, memory consolidation and integration

Question 5

What is restored during sleep?

Answer 5

cortical recovery and tissue repair

Question 6

Why is sleep a protective adaptaiton?

Answer 6

protection from nocturnal predators

Question 7

What does an electroencephalogram (EEG) record?

Answer 7

The activity of populations of neurons in the brain

Question 8

What does the frequency of an EEG show?

Answer 8

How fast the neurons are firing

Question 9

What does the amplitude of an EEG show?

Answer 9

The amount of neurons firing in synchrony

Question 10

What does an EEG sum show?

Answer 10

The summed activity from multiple electrodes

Question 11

What does it mean for nerve cells to be synchronised?

Answer 11

They are all firing together

Question 12

What are the amplitude and frequency characteristics of desynchronised neurons?

Answer 12

Fast wavelength, low amplitude

Question 13

What are the amplitude and frequency characteristics of synchronised neurons?

Answer 13

Slow wavelength, large amplitude

Question 14

Delta rhythms?

Answer 14

Slow (4Hz) and large amplitude, deep sleep

Question 15

Theta rhythms?

Answer 15

SLow (4-7Hz), light sleep

Question 16

Alpha rhythms?

Answer 16

Fast ish (8-13Hz), conscious relaxation

Question 17

Beta rhythms?

Answer 17

fastest (>14Hz), awake and alert

Question 18

Gamma oscillations?

Answer 18

Memory encoding, recall and attention

Question 19

Two categories of sleep?

Answer 19

Rapid eye movement (REM) and non-rapid eye movement (NREM)

Question 20

REM duration and activity?

Answer 20

~20 mins, dreaming

Question 21

NREM length

Answer 21

60-90 mins

Question 22

What happens to the length of NREM stages as you progress through the night

Answer 22

gets shorter

Question 23

What happens to the length of REM stages as you progress through the night

Answer 23

gets longer

Question 24

Awake rhythms?

Answer 24

alpha and beta

Question 25

How long does stage one NREM sleep last?

Answer 25

5 min

Question 26

Type of rhythms in REM sleep?

Answer 26

beta

Question 27

Stage 1 NREM characteristics?

Answer 27

5 mins, theta rhythms, starting to fall asleep, nerves begin to become synchronized

Question 28

Stage 2 NREM characteristics?

Answer 28

1-15 mins, spindle and k complex rhythms

Question 29

Stage 3 NREM characteristics?

Answer 29

5-25 mins, no eye/body movements, delta rhythms, restorative sleep

Question 30

Stage 4 NREM characteristics?

Answer 30

Deep sleep, 20-40 mins, delta rhythms

Question 31

What is the EEG of REM sleep similar to?

Answer 31

an active, waking brain

Question 32

When does dreaming occur?

Answer 32

REM sleep

Question 33

What is REM sleep referred to as?

Answer 33

An active, hallucinating brain in a paralysed body

Question 34

What kind of nerve activity predominates in REM sleep?

Answer 34

sympathetic

Question 35

What is increased in REM sleep as a result of sympathetic activity?

Answer 35

Heart rate, respiration rate and blood flow to the penis

Question 36

Changes in NREM sleep?

Answer 36

muscle tension reduced, temp lowered, energy consumption lowered, more parasympathetic activity