General anaesthetics second half 1.0

Question 2

2 main types of administering GAs?

Answer 2

Inhalation and intravenous

Question 3

Best aspect of inhaled GAs?

Answer 3

V controllable as the dose in the air is v quickly transferred

Question 4

Main types of inhaled GAs?

Answer 4

Halogenated ethers, halogenated hydrocarbons

Question 5

Halogenated hydrocarbon example?

Answer 5

Halothane, isofluorane

Question 6

Advantages of halothane and isoflurane?

Answer 6

V potent and stable

Question 7

Main pro of intravenous GAs?

Answer 7

V rapid

Question 8

Which type of general anaesthetic is used for induction of GA?

Answer 8

Intravenous

Question 9

Which type of anaesthetic is used for maintenance of GA?

Answer 9

Inhaled

Question 10

Major surgery general anaesthetic order?

Answer 10

Benzodiazepine, then intravenous (thiopental), then inhaled (halothane)

Question 11

Rapid unconsciousness anaesthetic?

Answer 11

thiopental (short acting)

Question 12

Inhaled general anaesthetics to maintain GA?

Answer 12

N2O, halothane, sevofluorane

Question 13

When are analgesic drugs used?

Answer 13

post operative care

Question 14

What is fentanyl used for?

Answer 14

analgesic effect after surgery when the general anaesthetic has worn off

Question 15

Which compounds are used for paralysis of skeletal muscle?

Answer 15

Suxamethonium

Question 16

How does Suxamethonium work?

Answer 16

It is a nicotinic ACh receptor antagonist

Question 17

What drugs are people given pre-op?

Answer 17

Benzodiazepines, midazolam

Question 18

Examples of inhaled anaesthetics?

Answer 18

N2O, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane

Question 19

Side effect of halothane?

Answer 19

Toxic to liver

Question 20

Which inhaled GA is used more in veterinary than human surgery?

Answer 20

Halothane

Question 21

Why is sevoflurane used the most?

Answer 21

Has the least side effects

Question 22

Types of intravenous GAs?

Answer 22

Thiopental, etomidate, propofol, ketamine, benzodiazepines

Question 23

Most widely used intravenous GA?

Answer 23

propofol

Question 24

Mechanism of local anaesthetics?

Answer 24

Voltage-gated sodium channel block

Question 25

Two main theories of how GAs work?

Answer 25

lipid theory, and protein theory

Question 26

Lipid theory of GAs?

Answer 26

good GAs are more lipophilic (can soak into lipids) and so soak into the lipid bilayer and block membrane spanning proteins (Na+ channels in neurons etc)

Question 27

Protein theory of GAs?

Answer 27

More potent a GA is, less of it is needed to inhibit luciferase proteina action, so GAs might generally inhibit protein action

Question 28

What type of proteins do GAs target?

Answer 28

Transmitter receptors, ion channels, transporters and release

Question 29

What do GAs do regarding inhibitory receptors?

Answer 29

Potentiate them, meaning they are stronger (more hyperpolarisation)

Question 30

What do GAs to to excitatory receptors?

Answer 30

Block them

Question 31

How do GAs affect ion channels?

Answer 31

They reduce the frequency of them opening