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SL22044 Neuroscience > Neurology and mental health > Flashcards

Neurology and mental health Flashcards

1
Q

What is learning?

A

acquisition of new information or knowledge

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2
Q

What is memory?

A

storage or retention of acquired knowledge

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3
Q

What is an engram?

A

physical representation or location of memory, a collection of neurones

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4
Q

What are the three classificaitons of memory?

A

Declarative, emotional, procedural

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5
Q

Examples of declarative memory?

A

Daily episodes (remembering address), words and meanings, history

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6
Q

Example of emotional memory?

A

Preferences/aversions–> things we do/dont like depending on past expiriences

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7
Q

Examples of procedural memory?

A

Motor skills, solving puzzles, priming cues, association and linking

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8
Q

Which areas of the brain are involved in memory?

A

All

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9
Q

Which brain regions involve emotional memories?

A

Amygdala, hypothalamus

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10
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for motor memory?

A

Cerebellum (used for playing instrument riding bike etc)

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11
Q

Which areas of the brain are involved in declarative memories?

A

Hippocampus, entorhinal and parahippocampal cortex

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12
Q

Which areas of the brain are involved in procedural memories?

A

Cerebellum, striatum, brainstem and spinal motor output

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13
Q

Which brain area is seen as a hub of learning and memory?

A

Hippocampus

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14
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

inability to form new memories/learn new things

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15
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

Can’t recall things

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16
Q

What is working memory?

A

Short term memory

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17
Q

Order of solidifying a memory?

A

Input–> short term (working) memory–> long term memory

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18
Q

What is Hebbs law?

A

If there are two connected neurons in the brain, and one repetitively fires APs onto the other (and vice versa), the synapse that connects them becomes permanently stronger

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19
Q

What kinds of memories does the engram theory work with?

A

All of them

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20
Q

In terms of an engram, what is short term memory?

A

Reverberating activity between synapses

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21
Q

What does reverberating activity between synapses do to them?

A

Strengthens them

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22
Q

What happens once synapses between neurons reverberate enough?

A

The synapses become permanently strengthened, thus creating a long term memory

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23
Q

Why does only part of a stimulus need to be viewed for an engram to be activated?

A

Part of the stimulus only triggers a few neurons, but bc they have strengthened synapses they will all end up firing APs

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24
Q

What are all memories down to?

A

Strengthening synapses

25
Q

Which brain area has been the focus of most of research in synaptic strengthening?

A

Hippocampus/entorhinal cortex

26
Q

Which type of NT neurons are involved in memories?

A

Glutamatergic

27
Q

How is synapse strengthening studied?

A

Stimulate axons in the entorhinal cortex that innervate the hippocampus, causing them to fire APs. Can record membrane potential of postsynaptic neuron

28
Q

How does a synapse get stronger?

A

If a burst of activity happens in the presynaptic neuron (100APs in 100miliseconds) the strength of the synapse is increased–> there is a potentiated AMPAr EPSP which lasts forever–> a larger EPSP as a result of more APs being fired down

29
Q

What is long term potentiation?

A

Increase in the strength of a synapse after repeated stimulation–> lasts long term

30
Q

What is a tetanus?

A

A high frequency burst of APs

31
Q

What is the memory response caused by?

A

Opening of AMPA receptors

32
Q

What happens if NMDA receptors are blocked during memory formation/synapse strengthening?

A

The potentiated EPSP doesnt occur (LTP doesnt form)

33
Q

What happens if Ca2+ entry via NMDA receptors is limited during synapse strengthening?

A

The LTP doesnt occur

34
Q

Where is the change that allows a LTP to form?

A

AMPA receptor

35
Q

What is the change to AMPA receptors caused by?

A

NMDA receptors

36
Q

State of NMDA receptor pore at normal membrane potential?

A

Blocked by Mg2+

37
Q

What are NMDA receptors permeable to?

A

Ca2+ and Na+ both going in

38
Q

How is an LTP manifested postsynaptically?

A

Intracellular AMPA receptors get trafficked to CSM, the AMPA receptors are more sensitive and there is more synapses

39
Q

How is an LTP manifested presynaptically?

A

Increased release of NT, more release sites and more vesicles

40
Q
A
41
Q

Other than EPSP what can calcium be used for in the postsynaptic neuron?

A

Signalling

42
Q

What can calcium do as a signalling molecule in the postsynaptic neuron?

A

Activate kinases, e.g. Protein Kinase C, calcium calmodulin kinase II

43
Q

What can protein kinase C phosphorylate?

A

AMPA receptor

44
Q

What does phosphorylating AMPA receptors do?

A

Make it more sensitive–> it opens wider per glutamate molecule that binds to it

45
Q

What does calcium comodulase kinase II do?

A

Acts as the trigger for causing intracellular AMPA receptors to traffic to the cell membrane.

46
Q

How does calcium cause production of nitric oxide?

A

Via activity of guanylyl cyclase

47
Q

What is NO used as in LTP?

A

An NT

48
Q

Good things ab using NO as an NT?

A

It is a gas so it can freely diffuse from postsynaptic to presynaptic

49
Q

Role of NO presynaptically?

A

Increased amounts of vesicles, increase probability that a vesicle is released per AP

50
Q

What is a retrograde transmitter?

A

Goes from postsynaptic to presynaptic

51
Q

Morris water maze?

A

Opaque body of water with a platform that lets them stand

52
Q

Morris water maze use?

A

Studying memory

53
Q

How was a morris water maze used to study memory?

A

Trained them to find the platform (same place) then did that with a NMDA agonist–> when agonist was present they didnt learn where the platform was

54
Q

What is a priming cue?

A

A stimulus that can trigger memories

55
Q

What kinds of memories can a priming cue trigger?

A

Conscious–> remember event, subconscious–> feeling ill, anxious

56
Q

What is pavlovian/classical conditioning?

A

To do with memory linkage: Dog will salivate in response to food, if you combine food and bell then the dog will salivate, if you do it enough the dog will end up salivating if you only ring the bell and don’t present food

57
Q

Why is pavlovian conditioning linked to drug abuse?

A

People associate the place they are, people they are around, music that is playing with taking drugs–> people would crave a drug if they go into the room where they used to take them

58
Q

Outcome of a cocaine user watching a video of nature, then someone doing coke?

A

Brain activity when nature video was normal but different when they watched someone take coke

59
Q
A

SL22044 Neuroscience (71 decks)

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