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SL22044 Neuroscience > Anxiety and anxiolytics > Flashcards

Anxiety and anxiolytics Flashcards

1
Q

What is anxiety?

A

a normal, physiological response to threatening situations that serves as a protective function

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2
Q

What is pathological anxiety?

A

concern about stressor is out of proportion to the realistic threat and can occur without exposure to an external stressor

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3
Q

How many people in the UK are affected by anxiety disorders?

A

8 million

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4
Q

Examples of anxiety disorders?

A

Specific phobias, social anxiety, panic disorder, PTSD, OCD, Generalised anxiety disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder

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5
Q

length of generalised anxiety disorder?

A

6 months

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6
Q

What are the core symptoms of anxiety disorders?

A

Negative cognition, physiology (heart racing etc), avoidance behaviour

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7
Q

What is negative cognition?

A

A bias to interpret unthreatening situations as threatening

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8
Q

Physiological symptoms of anxiety disorders?

A

Racing heart, restlessness, sweating, increased blood pressure

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9
Q

Part of anxiety disorder that the cortex is involved in?

A

negative cognition

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10
Q

Part of anxiety disorder that hippocampus the is involved in?

A

Memory

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11
Q

Part of anxiety disorder that the amygdala is involved in?

A

fear perception

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12
Q

Part of anxiety disorder that the hypothalamus is involved in?

A

Stress responsiveness

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13
Q

Part of anxiety disorder that the basal ganglia/cerebellum are involved in?

A

movement control

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14
Q

What hormone is released upon the perception of stress?

A

Corticotropin releasing hormone

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15
Q

Which part of the brain releases Corticotropin releasing hormone?

A

Hypothalamus

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16
Q

Where is Corticotropin releasing hormone released onto?

A

Pituitary gland

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17
Q

Which stress related hormone is released by the pituitary gland?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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18
Q

Where is ACTH released onto?

A

The adrenal gland

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19
Q

What is produced by the adrenal glands in response to ACTH?

A

Glucocorticoids, particularly cortisol

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20
Q

Why is cortisol released in response to stress?

A

To give you the energy for the fight or flight response, as it is responsible for metabolism of glucose and lipids

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21
Q

Where is adrenaline released from in response to stress?

A

Adrenal glands

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22
Q

Which brain area is first used in the fear response and why?

A

Thalamus as it deals with sensory stuff

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23
Q

Which brain area is used after the thalamus in the fear response?

A

Amygdala

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24
Q

Role of amygdala in fear response?

A

Switching on amine NTs (noradrenaline etc)

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25
Role of periaqueductal grey in fear response?
Innate avoidance behaviour (e.g. stepping back)
26
Which brain area releases cortisol in response to stress?
Hypothalamus
27
Where are most anxiety disorders thought to originate?
Prefrontal cortex and hippocampus
28
Why is noradrenaline released in the fear response?
Need to be hyper aware of your surroundings
29
Which NTs are implicated in the fear response?
Serotonin and noradrenaline
30
Role of GABAa networks?
Fast inhibition
31
Treatments of anxiety disorders?
Beta blockers, benzodiasepines, antidepressants, buspirone
32
How do beta blockers work?
They block beta adrenergic receptors
33
What symptoms of anxiety do beta blockers target?
Autonomic systems
34
SSRI stands for?
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
35
What specific anxiety type could propranolol (beta blocker) treat?
Phobias
36
How does propranolol treat phobias?
Give patient drug then expose them to thing they're scared of
37
What is propranolol thought to work on?
Hippocampus--> where -ve memories of the thing are removed (positive association forms instead of -ve association)
38
How does buspirone work?
It is a partial agonist at 5-HT1a receptors (turning up inhibition in those neurons)
39
How do SSRIs work?
Bind to reuptake transporters, thus boosting levels of serotonin in synapse
40
What is the preferred treatment for generalized anxiety disorder, PD and PTSD?
Combined noradrenaline and 5HT uptake blockers
41
WHat are some combined noradrenaline and 5HT uptake blockers?
venflaxine, duloxetine
42
What do benzodiazepines bind to?
GABAa receptors
43
Role of GABA?
Inhibitory NT
44
What can the binding of drugs to allosteric site on GABAa receptors do?
Turn up or down gating of CL- ions in the presence of GABA
45
What is an inverse agonist?
Something that binds and turns down the receptor
46
What do benzodiazepine agonists do once bound to GABA?
Turn up the effects of endogenous GABA
47
Where on the GABAa receptor do benzodiazepines bind?
Alpha gamma interface
48
General structure of benzodiazapines?
Benzene ring joined to a 7 membered 1,4-diazepine ring (R 1 2 3 5 7 8 are side groups)
49
What do the R side groups change ab benzodizepine?
Affinity, intrinsic efficacy, lipophilicity, water solubility
50
Affinity meaning?
How likely something is to bind
51
Intrinsic efficacy meaning?
The effect of smthn once bound
52
What is the intrinsic efficacy of a BZ agonist?
+ve (100%)
53
What is the intrinsic efficacy of BZ inverse agonists?
-ve
54
What intrinsic efficacy to BZ antagonists have?
0
55
What is the intrinsic efficacy of partial or full agonists?
near 100%
56
What are full BZ agonists called?
Positive allosteric modulators
57
What are full BZ agonists used for?
Anxiolytic
58
What are inverse agonists used for?
Investigating GABA
59
Effect of inverse agonists on Cl- flow through GABAa?
Less chloride flux through the channel so less inhibition
60
Effect of alcohol on the CNS?
Depressant
61
Effect of alcohol on GABA receptors?
Causes increase inhibition

SL22044 Neuroscience (110 decks)

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