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SL22044 Neuroscience > Neurodegeneration 1 > Flashcards

Neurodegeneration 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is neurodegeneration?

A

The destruction of neurons in any disease, i.e. it has to be beyond that or normal aging

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2
Q

Where is neurodegeneration found?

A

Neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, trauma, viral diseases, vascular/circulatory disorders

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3
Q

Main causes of stroke?

A

Atherosclerosis, thrombosis, embolism, vasospasm, hyper vasculopathy

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4
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Narrowing of blood vessels

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5
Q

What is an embolism?

A

Damage to heart valves

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6
Q

What is vasospasm?

A

Vasculature begins to spasm

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7
Q

What can cause vasospasm?

A

Subarachnoid hemorhage?

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8
Q

Ischaemic stroke?

A

Blockage in brain area which causes loss of blood and O2 to that area–> cell death

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9
Q

Haemorrhagic stroke?

A

Blood vessel becomes broken–> blood enters the brain

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10
Q

What is a venous infarction?

A

Where a brain has been hemorrhaged or broken in the brain

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11
Q

What causes venous infarctions?

A

Venous sinus thrombosis

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12
Q

What is the pattern of damage after ischaemic damage?

A

Initial area where there is reduction of blood flow–> main area of concern–> definite neuronal loss
Damage can spread to areas outside of this

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13
Q

Ischaemic penumbra?

A

An area which is less affected by the ischaemic damage but still affected

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14
Q

What can cause ischaemic penumbra?

A

Loss of blood supply, and release of substances by already dead neurons

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15
Q

Size of the infarction over time compared to penumbra?

A

Infarction increases to where the penumbra is, so penumbra decreases

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16
Q

What are stroke treatments aimed at?

A

Reducing area of penumbra, as it is reversible damage

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17
Q

What are the main types of glial cells in the nervous system?

A

Oligodendrocytes

18
Q

What are oligodendrocytes involved with?

A

Myelination of axons in the CNS

19
Q

What are the meninges?

A

Blood vessel containing membrane over the surface of the brain

20
Q

Different types of menginital infection?

A

Bacterial, fungal, viral

21
Q

What is polio caused by?

A

An RNA virus

22
Q

Effect of polio on CNS?

A

Destruction of neurons in the spinal cord

23
Q

How were scientists able to map spinal cord areas to control of certain muscles?

A

Observed loss of muscle control depending on different areas of the spinal cord that was affected by polio

24
Q

Main issues with neurodegenerative diseases?

A

Unknown cause, no cure, progressive, both sporadic and inherited forms and they are often age dependent

25
Q

Which neurodegenerative disease is transmissable?

A

Prion diseases

26
Q

What is alzheimers associated with?

A

Gross brain atrophy

27
Q

What is gross brain atrophy?

A

The loss of neurons in the brain

28
Q

Which proteins is alzheimers associated with?

A

Beta amyloid tangles and plaques

29
Q

Which two diseases are forms of dementia?

A

Alzheimers and Prions disease

30
Q

Which form of dementia is transmissable?

A

Prion disease

31
Q

Which neurodegenerative diseases are movement disorders?

A

Parkinsons and Huntingtons

32
Q

What kind of atrophy is parkinsons associated with?

A

Loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra

33
Q

Which protein and mutation is Huntingtons disease associated with?

A

Increased amount of Huntingten protein with CAG repeats in the sequence

34
Q

Which diseases are amyloidogenic?

A

Alzheimers, parkinsons, prion

35
Q

What are amyloidogenic diseases?

A

Diseases where aggregates of a protein form a deposit

36
Q

Which disease is characterised by the formation of intracellular protein deposits?

A

Parkinsons

37
Q

Which disease is characterised by the formation of extracellular protein deposits?

A

Alzheimers

38
Q

What is the most common neurodegenerative disease?

A

Alzheimers

39
Q

Most common cause of dementia?

A

Alzheimers

40
Q
A

SL22044 Neuroscience (34 decks)

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