Skeletal Structure Flashcards
Arthropods maintain a
Chitinous exoskeleton
What is the function of the endoskeleton?
- Supports body and provides framework for movement
- Protects vital organs
- Stores Ca2+ and Hematopoiesis
What are examples of flat bones?
- Skull
- Ribs
- Pelvis
How is the composition of flat bones?
- Inner spongy bone
- Outer compact bone
Flat bones function to
Protect organs
What is an example of a long bone?
Femur
What is the middle of a long bone called?
Diaphysis
What are the ends of the long bones called?
Epiphysis
What is found between both the Diaphysis and Epiphysis?
Metaphysis
The Metaphysis functions to
Provide a growth plate
Long bones function to serve as
Framework for movement
Red bone marrow is the site of
Hematopoiesis
Where is red bone marrow found?
- Epiphysis
- Flat bones
Yellow bone marrow is the site of
Fat storage made of adipocytes
Where is yellow bone marrow located?
Diaphysis of long bones
The Haversian System is found in
Compact bones
The Haversian System consists of
Osteoids
Each osteon has multiple layers of bone called
Lamella
Osteons have canals in the middle which allow for
Travel of blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves
What are found in between lamella?
Canaliculi
Canaliculi branch from the canal into the
Lacunae, which are empty spaces for osteocytes
What is the function of Canaliculi?
They allow for communication
Volkmann Canals are
Perpendicular to Haversian canals and have small blood cells
The Bone Matrix consists of
Osteoid + Hydroxyapatite
Osteoid is the organic portion that consists of
Protein + Collagen
The Osteoid gives the bone
Tensile strength
Hydroxyapatite is the inorganic portion of bone that is made of
Calcium, Phosphate and Water
Hydroxyapatite are crystals which give the bone
Rigid strength and density
Hormones in the body maintain the ratio of
osteoclast:osteoblast
What happens as osteoclast activity increases?
There is an increase of Ca and Phosphate in the blood
Calcium can be absorbed from the
Gut
Calcium can be reabsorbed from the
Kidneys
What does PTH do?
Increases Ca and P in the blood
What does Calcitonin do?
Decreases Ca and P in the blood
What does Calcitrol do?
Increases Ca and P in the blood
Calcitrol is known as the
Activated version of Vitamin D
Too much Ca in the blood results in
- Lethargy
- Fatigue
- Memory Loss
Too less Ca in the blood results in
- Muscle cramps
Cartilage is derived from
Chondrocytes
Chondrocytes create proteins in the cartilage known as
- Cartilage
- Elastin
Describe cartilage
- Avascular
- Not innervated
Cartilage receives nutrition from
Surrounding fluid
Hyaline Cartilage is found in
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Joints
What is the function of Hyaline Cartilage?
Reduce friction and absorb shock
Elastic Cartilage is found in
- Outer ear
- Epiglottis
Elastic Cartilage provides
Shape and support
Fibrous Cartilage is found in the
Discs of the spine
What is the function of Fibrous Cartilage?
Provide rigidity and absorb shock
What are the three types of Joints?
- Synarthroses
- Amphiarthrosis
- Synovial
What are Synarthrose joints?
Immovable joints that consist of bones fused together
What are Amphiarthrosis joints?
Slightly moveable joints
Synovial joints are lubricated by
Synovial fluid
What are the types of Synovial joints?
- Ball and Socket
- Hinge
- Pivot
- Saddle
Ball and Socket joints are found in
- Shoulder
- Hips
Ball and Socket joints allow for
Many degrees of movement (multiaxial)
Hinge joints are found in
- Elbows
- Knee
Hinge joints move in
One plane
What happens in Pivot joints?
Process from one bone extends into the ring of the other
Saddle joints are multiaxial, allowing for
Flexion, extension, adduction and abduction
Surfaces of bones that meet up at a joint are lined by
Articular cartilage, which is a type of Hyaline cartilage
Endochondral Ossification is when
Long bones develop via ossification of cartilage
The primary ossification center is the
Diaphysis
The secondary ossification center is the
Epiphysis
Intramembranous ossification is the process by which
Flat bones like the skull form from a membrane of mesenchymal tissue
What is the Epiphyseal plate?
Area of hyaline cartilage that remains between the diaphysis and each epiphysis through adolescence
