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Khan Academy > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

The Innate System is

A

Nonspecific

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2
Q

The innate system contains

A

2 lines of defense

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3
Q

The first line of defense consists of

A

Oil, skin, nails, etc

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4
Q

The second line of defense consists of

A

Inflammatory response + phagocytosis

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5
Q

The Adaptive System responds to

A

Specific virus

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6
Q

The Adaptive System responds to specific viruses due to

A

Being exposed previously to the pathogens

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7
Q

The main cells of the Adaptive System are

A

Lymphocytes

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8
Q

What are the two types of lymphocytes?

A
  • B Lymphocytes

- T Lymphocytes

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9
Q

B Lymphocytes are responsible for the

A

Humoral Response

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10
Q

T Lymphocytes are responsible for the

A

Cell-mediated response with Tc and Th

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11
Q

What are Phagocytes?

A

Cells that consume pathogens

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12
Q

How do phagocytes act when they encounter another pathogen?

A

Its receptors get activated, forcing phagocyte to wrap up around the pathogen

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13
Q

What happens when the pathogen is engulfed by the phagocyte?

A

A phagosome is formed, which later get digested

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14
Q

What are the different phagocytes found?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Dendritic Cells
  • Macrophages
  • Eosinophils
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15
Q

Neutrophils are known as the

A

First responders

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16
Q

Dendritic Cells are activators of the

A

Adaptive Immune System

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17
Q

What do B Lymphocytes have on the surface?

A

Membrane bound antibodies

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18
Q

Antibodies have variable portions, which are responsible for

A

Reacting to antigens

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19
Q

What happens once the portion of an antibody binds to the bacteria?

A

The antibody gets activated and starts cloning itself

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20
Q

What is the function of Basophil?

A

Releases histamine

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21
Q

What is the main reservoir of hematopoietic stem cells?

A

Bone marrow

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22
Q

Recognition of self vs. non-self by the adaptive immune system in humans is accomplished by the

A

Exposure of T cells to the body’s own antigens in the thymus

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23
Q

Which portion of an antibody provides antigen-binding sites?

A

Viable portion

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24
Q

What are the three main antigen-presenting cell types?

A
  • B Cells
  • Macrophages
  • Dendritic Cells
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25
Q

What is Central Tolerance?

A

A process in which the body destroys immune cells that are reactive with antigens present on the bodies own cells

26
Q

The liver, spleen, and lymph nodes contain immune cells which function to

A

Scan bodily fluids for the presence of immune-activating particles

27
Q

B Lymphocytes allow for Humoral Response, which is when cells are

A

Responding to things floating around in the body

28
Q

Antibodies have variable portions, which take in

A

Different types of antigens

29
Q

What happens once a variable portion binds to a pathogen?

A

The antibody begins to replicate

30
Q

What are the two types of B Lymphocytes?

A
  • Memory

- Effector

31
Q

Effector (Plasma Cells) function to

A

Become antibody factories

32
Q

The pathogen consumed by the macrophage attaches to the

A

MHC

33
Q

Cell-Mediated Response is done by

A

T Cells

34
Q

Helper T Cells are activated when

A

Dendritic cells bind to their receptor

35
Q

The function of TH cells is to

A

Alert the immune system of foreign pathogen

36
Q

What happens when TH cells are activated?

A

They make copies of themselves and become effectors

37
Q

TH cells secrete cytokines when activated, which

A

Tell the cells to prepare to attack

38
Q

An activated TH cell can

A

Activate a B cell

39
Q

What are Cytotoxic T Cells?

A

T Cells that kill other cells

40
Q

TC Cells attack cells which

A

Want to commit suicide

41
Q

What happens when B cells are activated?

A

They generate antibodies, which attach to floating pathogens and disables them

42
Q

Free-floating antibodies are effective for

A

Floating pathogens

43
Q

What are the forms of Lymphocytes?

A
  • T cells

- B cells

44
Q

What trigger TC cells to help them commit suicide?

A

MHC I

45
Q

How do TC cells kill cells?

A
  • Exocytosis a bunch of poriferans into the “cancerous” cell

- Releases granzymes, which make cell want to kill itself

46
Q

What is required to activate a B cell?

A

The binding of pathogen onto membrane-bound antibodies

47
Q

What happens once B cells are activated?

A

They turn into either memory or effector cells

48
Q

What allow for TC cells to bind to MHC II?

A

CD8

49
Q

What allow for TH cells to bind to MHC I?

A

CD4

50
Q

What are macrophages?

A

Phagocytes that gobble up bacteria and release chemical signals for endothelial linings

51
Q

What happens when endothelial cells receive messages from macrophages?

A

They express proteins which allow neutrophils to stick to them

52
Q

Neutrophils move across endothelial cells via

A

Active transport

53
Q

How do macrophages present bacteria to B and T cells?

A

They go to a lymphatic vessel, which drains out via the thoracic duct

54
Q

Immune cells only move from

A

Blood to tissue

55
Q

What is the Pluripotent?

A

Stem cell of bone marrow that makes stem cells

56
Q

The Pluripotent gives rise to which lineages?

A
  • Myeloid

- Lymphoid

57
Q

The Myeloid lineage + Lymphoid lineages are found in the

A

Blood marrow

58
Q

The Lymphoid lineage produces

A
  • Natural Killer Cells
  • B Cells
  • T Cells
59
Q

The Myeloid lineage produces

A
  • Red blood cells
  • Megakaryocyte
  • Neutrophils
  • Basophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Monocytes
  • Mast cells
60
Q

What is the function of Megakaryocytes?

A

They make plasma cells

61
Q

Dendritic cells come from

A

Both lineages

62
Q

In the Myeloid lineage, dendritic cells are formed from

A

Monocytes

Khan Academy (81 decks)

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