Immune System Flashcards
The Innate System is
Nonspecific
The innate system contains
2 lines of defense
The first line of defense consists of
Oil, skin, nails, etc
The second line of defense consists of
Inflammatory response + phagocytosis
The Adaptive System responds to
Specific virus
The Adaptive System responds to specific viruses due to
Being exposed previously to the pathogens
The main cells of the Adaptive System are
Lymphocytes
What are the two types of lymphocytes?
- B Lymphocytes
- T Lymphocytes
B Lymphocytes are responsible for the
Humoral Response
T Lymphocytes are responsible for the
Cell-mediated response with Tc and Th
What are Phagocytes?
Cells that consume pathogens
How do phagocytes act when they encounter another pathogen?
Its receptors get activated, forcing phagocyte to wrap up around the pathogen
What happens when the pathogen is engulfed by the phagocyte?
A phagosome is formed, which later get digested
What are the different phagocytes found?
- Neutrophils
- Dendritic Cells
- Macrophages
- Eosinophils
Neutrophils are known as the
First responders
Dendritic Cells are activators of the
Adaptive Immune System
What do B Lymphocytes have on the surface?
Membrane bound antibodies
Antibodies have variable portions, which are responsible for
Reacting to antigens
What happens once the portion of an antibody binds to the bacteria?
The antibody gets activated and starts cloning itself
What is the function of Basophil?
Releases histamine
What is the main reservoir of hematopoietic stem cells?
Bone marrow
Recognition of self vs. non-self by the adaptive immune system in humans is accomplished by the
Exposure of T cells to the body’s own antigens in the thymus
Which portion of an antibody provides antigen-binding sites?
Viable portion
What are the three main antigen-presenting cell types?
- B Cells
- Macrophages
- Dendritic Cells
What is Central Tolerance?
A process in which the body destroys immune cells that are reactive with antigens present on the bodies own cells
The liver, spleen, and lymph nodes contain immune cells which function to
Scan bodily fluids for the presence of immune-activating particles
B Lymphocytes allow for Humoral Response, which is when cells are
Responding to things floating around in the body
Antibodies have variable portions, which take in
Different types of antigens
What happens once a variable portion binds to a pathogen?
The antibody begins to replicate
What are the two types of B Lymphocytes?
- Memory
- Effector
Effector (Plasma Cells) function to
Become antibody factories
The pathogen consumed by the macrophage attaches to the
MHC
Cell-Mediated Response is done by
T Cells
Helper T Cells are activated when
Dendritic cells bind to their receptor
The function of TH cells is to
Alert the immune system of foreign pathogen
What happens when TH cells are activated?
They make copies of themselves and become effectors
TH cells secrete cytokines when activated, which
Tell the cells to prepare to attack
An activated TH cell can
Activate a B cell
What are Cytotoxic T Cells?
T Cells that kill other cells
TC Cells attack cells which
Want to commit suicide
What happens when B cells are activated?
They generate antibodies, which attach to floating pathogens and disables them
Free-floating antibodies are effective for
Floating pathogens
What are the forms of Lymphocytes?
- T cells
- B cells
What trigger TC cells to help them commit suicide?
MHC I
How do TC cells kill cells?
- Exocytosis a bunch of poriferans into the “cancerous” cell
- Releases granzymes, which make cell want to kill itself
What is required to activate a B cell?
The binding of pathogen onto membrane-bound antibodies
What happens once B cells are activated?
They turn into either memory or effector cells
What allow for TC cells to bind to MHC II?
CD8
What allow for TH cells to bind to MHC I?
CD4
What are macrophages?
Phagocytes that gobble up bacteria and release chemical signals for endothelial linings
What happens when endothelial cells receive messages from macrophages?
They express proteins which allow neutrophils to stick to them
Neutrophils move across endothelial cells via
Active transport
How do macrophages present bacteria to B and T cells?
They go to a lymphatic vessel, which drains out via the thoracic duct
Immune cells only move from
Blood to tissue
What is the Pluripotent?
Stem cell of bone marrow that makes stem cells
The Pluripotent gives rise to which lineages?
- Myeloid
- Lymphoid
The Myeloid lineage + Lymphoid lineages are found in the
Blood marrow
The Lymphoid lineage produces
- Natural Killer Cells
- B Cells
- T Cells
The Myeloid lineage produces
- Red blood cells
- Megakaryocyte
- Neutrophils
- Basophils
- Eosinophils
- Monocytes
- Mast cells
What is the function of Megakaryocytes?
They make plasma cells
Dendritic cells come from
Both lineages
In the Myeloid lineage, dendritic cells are formed from
Monocytes
