Eukaryotic Cells

Question 1

Where does transcription occur?

Answer 1

In the nucleus

Question 2

The nucleus is surrounded by which two membranes?

Answer 2

Inner + Outer

Question 3

What is the fluid in the nucleus?

Answer 3

Nucleoplasm

Question 4

What allows for the exchange of materials both into and out of the nucleus?

Answer 4

Nuclear pores

Question 5

How are nuclear pores selective with what can be transported?

Answer 5

They need to recognize signal in order to transport

Question 6

The Nucleolus is the center of the Nucleus and is the site of

Answer 6

Ribosome assembly

Question 7

How does the Nucleolus allow for Ribosome assembly?

Answer 7

It contains rRNA that is assembled with proteins to become ribosomes

Question 8

The nucleus membrane is also connected with

Answer 8

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 9

The Nuclear Envelope is composed of

Answer 9

Inner + Outer membranes + nuclear pores

Question 10

Mitochondria is the site of

Answer 10

Cellular respiration

Question 11

What happens in the Mitochondria?

Answer 11

Glucose (Pyruvate) is transformed into ATP

Question 12

The Outer membrane of the Mitochondria is made of a

Answer 12

Lipid bilayer permeable to small molecules

Question 13

The Inner membrane of the Mitochondria is made of a

Answer 13

Lipid bilayer not permeable to small molecules

Question 14

The Inner membrane has folds called

Answer 14

Cristae

Question 15

What is the function of cristae?

Answer 15

They increase SA, more room for cellular respiration

Question 16

Where does ETC happen in the mitochondria?

Answer 16

In the inner membranes

Question 17

Describe inner membrane of the Mitochondria

Answer 17

• Studded with enzymes

- More acidic due to H+ ions

Question 18

Mitochondria having its own genome allows for it to

Answer 18

• Make some proteins for ETC

- Produce parts of protein synthase

Question 19

The mitochondria has its own system of

Answer 19

Transcription and translation

Question 20

The ER is a

Answer 20

Folded, continuous membranes

Question 21

What is the site of protein synthesis?

Answer 21

ER

Question 22

The ER sends proteins to the

Answer 22

GA

Question 23

What is the site of protein synthesis?

Answer 23

The RER

Question 24

What happens to the proteins synthesized by the RER?

Answer 24

• Secreted into EC environment
• Become integral proteins
• Might remain in the ER, GA, or in lysosomes

Question 25

RER proteins that become secreted or become part of the cell membrane follow which pathway?

Answer 25

The secretory pathway

Question 26

What is the secretory pathway?

Answer 26

The pathway a protein takes from when it’s synthesized until when it leaves the cell / becomes part of cell membrane

Question 27

When does a protein follow the secretory pathway?

Answer 27

When it receives a signal sequence, which is detected early on in translation

Question 28

What is the function of the SER?

Answer 28

It synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbs, and detoxifies drugs

Question 29

The GA is found near the

Answer 29

ER

Question 30

What is the GA?

Answer 30

Groups of sacs stacked together

Question 31

The modified RER proteins are sent to the

Answer 31

GA

Question 32

What is the function of the GA?

Answer 32

- It sorts and sends proteins to proper destinations | - Synthesizes certain molecules that need to be secreted in the cell

Question 33

Where does the vesicle merge into the GA?

Answer 33

At the cis-stack

Question 34

In the GA, the protein undergoes modifications and is transferred into the

Answer 34

Medial stack

Question 35

What happens when the protein is in the trans-stack of the GA?

Answer 35

It can leave and can either go to cell membrane or into a lysosome

Question 36

What is the function of the Lysosome?

Answer 36

It digests molecules + substances

Question 37

What are the two functions of the Lysosome?

Answer 37

- Autophagy | - Crinophagy

Question 38

What is Autophagy?

Answer 38

Lysosomes digest organelles part of the cell itself

Question 39

Macrophages of the immune system display

Answer 39

Autophagy

Question 40

Crinophagy is when

Answer 40

Lysosomes digest excess secretory products

Question 41

What is the function of the Peroxisome?

Answer 41

It breaks and detoxifies lipids

Question 42

Peroxisome isolates peroxides and uses catalase to

Answer 42

Break it into water and oxygen

Question 43

What are introns?

Answer 43

Bits of DNA that are cut out by molecules found in the nucleus

Question 44

What is differential splicing?

Answer 44

Different combinations of introns can be cut out to form variations on a protein

Question 45

Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have repressors which function to

Answer 45

- Bind DNA at promoter site | - Regulate transcription

Question 46

Mitochondrial DNA disorders are transferred through the

Answer 46

Maternal line

Question 47

What are Gangliosides?

Answer 47

Glycolipids attached to acids

Question 48

Microfilaments are made out of

Answer 48

Actin

Question 49

What is the function of Microfilaments?

Answer 49

They work with myosin filaments to contract the cell

Question 50

Microtubules are components of

Answer 50

Flagella and Cilia

Question 51

What is the function of Intermediate filaments?

Answer 51

They help the cell retain its shape in the face of mechanical stress

Question 52

What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 52

It helps store calcium

Question 53

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells allows for

Answer 53

Efficient contractions

Question 54

Where are proteins made?

Answer 54

- Ribosomes | - On Rough ER

Question 55

Microtubules are involved in

Answer 55

- Cell structure | - Motility

Question 56

Microtubules can be found in

Answer 56

Mitotic spindles