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Dairy Bowl > Ruminant Digestion > Flashcards

Ruminant Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

When food leaves the mouth it travels down the esophagus by what action?

A

peristalsis

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2
Q

Name the first and largest compartment.

A

rumen

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3
Q

Name the compartment also known as the fermentation vat.

A

rumen

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4
Q

The rumen can hold how many gallons?

A

40-60 gallons

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5
Q

Name the two gases are produced in the rumen.

A

Methane, carbon dioxide

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6
Q

Bacteria, and protozoa are examples of what?

A

microorganisms

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7
Q

What purpose due the rumen bugs or microbes serve?

A

They break down the forages and grasses eaten by the dairy animal

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8
Q

Microbes provide 2/3 of what essential nutrient?

A

Protein

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9
Q

Rumen bugs are the reason ruminants can digest what?

A

Forages and grasses

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10
Q

What term describes the relationship between the microbes & the cow?

A

Symbiotic

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11
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

A relationship in which each organisms gains something

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12
Q

Name the compartment next to the rumen.

A

reticulum

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13
Q

Which compartment acts with the rumen to mix and store food?

A

reticulum

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14
Q

Which compartment is known as the honeycomb?

A

reticulum

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15
Q

The reticulum catches what so that it does not enter the omasum?

A

Large particles of feed

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16
Q

This compartment is known as the hardware stomach.

A

Reticulum

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17
Q

The compartment closest to the heart.

A

Reticulum

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18
Q

What does a farmer give cow to help prevent hardware disease?

A

Magnet

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19
Q

The third compartment of the digestive system is what?

A

Omasum

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20
Q

The omasum is also known as the what?

A

Manyplies

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21
Q

The term manyplies means what?

A

Many layers

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22
Q

Name the primary acid found in the abomasum.

A

Hydrochloric acid

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23
Q

What compartment is also known as the true stomach?

A

Abomasum

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24
Q

The abomasum is much like the human stomach because they both do what?

A

Secrete enzymes and acids

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25
Q

What compartment helps to move food along to the small intestine?

A

Abomasum

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26
Q

After the abomasum, more digestion occurs here.

A

Small intestine

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27
Q

This is where most of the nutrients are absorbed.

A

Small intestine

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28
Q

Name the small structures that line the wall of the small intestine.

A

villi

29
Q

Feed material found in the small intestine is called what?

A

chyme

30
Q

This organ absorbs all remaining water and stores waste.

A

Large intestine

31
Q

Undigested food and waste is excreted here.

A

Anus

32
Q

What two structural carbohydrates are broken down in the rumen?

A

Cellulose, hemicellulose

33
Q

Rumen microbes break down cellulose and hemicellulose into what?

A

Volatile fatty acids

34
Q

Name the 3 volatile fatty acids produces in the rumen.

A

Butyrate, proprionate, acetate

35
Q

Name the small projections that line the rumen.

A

papillae

36
Q

What is another word for burping?

A

eructation

37
Q

Name the three parts of the small intestine.

A

Ileum, jejunum, duodenum

38
Q

Name the energy source that is broken down in the small intestine of the dairy cow.

A

fats

39
Q

What is the most concentrated energy source in dairy cattle rations?

A

fats

40
Q

What energy source contains 2.25 times the energy value of starch?

A

fats

41
Q

What is the recommended maximum level of fat in a lactating cow’s ration of dry matter.

A

5 to 7%

42
Q

What is the first organ to receive blood from the small intestine?

A

liver

43
Q

What organ secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine?

A

pancreas

44
Q

Name the 4 main processes for which a cow uses her feed.

A

Growth, reproduction, milk production, maintenance

45
Q

Any chemical substance that provides nourishment to the body is called a what?

A

nutrient

46
Q

Name the 5 major nutrients contained in feedstuffs.

A

Protein, vitamin, minerals, energy(fats & carbohydrates), water

47
Q

What is most likely to be the limiting nutrient for the high producing dairy cow?

A

energy

48
Q

What are the building blocks of fats and lipids?

A

Fatty acids

49
Q

Name an animal fat used in dairy cattle rations.

A

tallow

50
Q

Name a protected fat used in dairy cattle ration

A

calcium soaps

51
Q

Name two kinds of whole oil seeds used in dairy cattle ration

A

whole cottonseeds, whole soybeans

52
Q

List the three basic elements contained in carbohydrates.

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

53
Q

What 2 structural carbohydrates (fiber carbohydrates) does the cow can use as a source of energy?

A

Cellulose, hemicellulose

54
Q

What 3 nonstructural carbohydrates (non-fiber carbohydrates) are the highly digestible parts of feed?

A

Sugar, starch, pectin

55
Q

Which volatile fatty acids is the primary source of energy and milkfat?

A

Acetic acid

56
Q

Which volatile fatty acids is the precursor for glucose?

A

Proprionic acid

57
Q

What is the major bufffer for maintaining optimum rumen pH?

A

saliva

58
Q

How much saliva does the mature dairy cow produce each day?

A

50-80 quarts

59
Q

Name 3 functions of saliva.

A

moistens food, lubricates food, acts as a buffer, provides a fluid base for nutrients, provides the proper environment for bacterial growth

60
Q

How many teeth does a mature dairy cow have?

A

32 teeth, no upper front teeth

61
Q

Chewing is also known as what?

A

mastication

62
Q

Feed that a cow has regurgitated and is being re-chewed is called what?

A

cud

63
Q

The process in ruminants when semi-liquid ingesta is regurgitated into the esophagus, re-chewed, and re-swallowed for further digestion is called what?

A

rumination

64
Q

Name three types of organisms that live in the rumen.

A

bacteria, fungi, protozoa

65
Q

What is the ideal rumen pH?

A

5.9 - 6.2

66
Q

On the pH scale, what is neutral?

A

7

67
Q

On the pH scale, would a low pH (1-6) be considered acidic or basic?

A

acidic

68
Q

On the pH scale, would a high pH (8-14) be considered acidic or basic?

A

basic

69
Q

If the pH of the rumen drops below 5.9, the rumen is considered what?

A

acidotic

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