2014 Submitted INT Questions Flashcards
The amount of energy in a feed is measured in what units?
calories
Most dry feedstuff is what percent water?
10-15%
When two molecules of ammonia combine in the rumen to form urea, a single molecule of what is released?
water
All reactions and processes that take place in the body of the dairy animal, occur in what compound?
water
Name the two most effective ways for the body of a dairy animal to cool off.
sweating and panting
In dairy cattle nutrition, intake energy is the measure of the amount of energy in what?
amount of energy in feedstuffs eaten by animal
Amino acids contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes what element?
sulfur
Name the two organs of the digestive system that secrete enzymes.
small intestines, pancreas
Enzymes secreted by the abomasum, small intestine and pancreas do what to amino acids?
break the bonds of the amino acids and separate them
What is the difference between essential and non-essential amino acids?
essential amino acids are NOT produced by the body and must be provided in the diet, non-essential amino acids are produced by the body and are not needed in the diet
Protein digested by the rumen microbes is known as what?
ruminally degraded protein, RDP
In the animal identification system used for dairy cattle, what is the country code for the U.S?
840
What do you call the amino acid that is in short supply and prevents more proteins from being formed?
first limiting amino acid
Name the two most common limiting amino acids.
lysine, methionine
List two good sources for lysine.
fish meal, blood meal
List two good sources for methionine.
corn gluten meal, fish meal, sunflower meal
How are leftover amino acids, that cannot be used to build proteins, removed from the body?
excreted in the urine
What are the basic building blocks of carbohydrates?
simple sugars
Monosaccharides are classified according to the number of which atoms?
carbon atoms
A monosaccharide with six carbon atoms is classified as a what?
hexose
The prefix “di” refers to how many?
two
Name two common disaccharides.
lactose, sucrose
A saccharide with five carbon atoms would be classified as a what?
pentose
Starch, cellulose and hemicellulose are common examples of what type of saccharide?
polysaccharides
Monosaccharides are converted by the rumen microbes into what?
VFA’s volatile fatty acids
Carbohydrates in feedstuff are divided into what two categories?
fiber (structural), non-fiber(non-structural)
Name the two types of fibrous or structural carbohydrates.
cellulose, hemicellulose
Give an example of a non-fibrous or non-structural carbohydrate.
starch, sugar, pectin
What number does the prefix “pent” represent?
five
What is a monosaccharide?
simple sugar
What nutrient is often added to feedstuffs to increase its energy density?
fats
What are the two classifactions of fats?
saturated, unsaturated
A fat is also known by what term?
lipid
If a fat is said to be saturated, then it contains the maximum number of what atoms?
hydrogen
Supplemental vitamin E may help reduce the incidence of what costly dairy cattle disease?
mastitis
Which vitamin is repsonsible for normal night vision and healthy bone growth and reproduction?
vitamin A
Which vitamin enhances absorption of calcium and phosphorus?
vitamin D
Normal blood clotting requires adequate amounts of which vitamin?
vitamin K
In a healthy lactating dairy cow, which vitamins are commonly supplemented?
vitaimns A, D, K
All dairy cattle have how many pairs of chromosomes?
30 pair
One pair of chromosomes are called the sex chromosomes, because they determine the sex of the animal. What are the other 29 pair of chromosomes called?
autosomal chromosomes
DNA are shaped like what common handyman’s tool?
ladder
The region of the chromosome where a particuar gene is located is called what?
locus
In terms of genetics, the physical characteristics that you can observe or measure is known as what?
phenotype
In terms of genetics, the term genotype refers what?
the actual genes the animal has
In terms of genetics, qualitative traits are those contolled by how many pairs of genes?
one pair
Which volatile fatty acid is the primary source of milk fat?
acetic acid
In terms of genetics, if both alleles were inherited in the dominant form, what is the genotype?
homozygous dominant
In terms of genetics, if one allele was inherited in the dominant form and the other allele was inherited in the recessive form, what is the genotype?
heterozygous
In terms of genetics, an animal that is heterozygous for a recessive trait can still pass the trait on to their offspring, therefore, they are known as what?
carrier
