2014 Major Nutrients - Proteins

Question 1

Proteins are made up of building blocks called what?

Answer 1

amino acids

Question 2

Amino acids commonly contain what four elements?

Answer 2

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

Question 3

Some amino acids may also contain what element?

Answer 3

sulfur

Question 4

How many amino acids are found in nature?

Answer 4

22

Question 5

What is the chemical symbol for carbon? Hydrogen? Oxygen? Nitrogen? Sulfur?

Answer 5

carbon-C, hydrogen-H, oxygen-O, nitrogen-N, sulfur-S

Question 6

Give three examples of tissues that have proteins as an important structural component.

Answer 6

muscle, skin, hair, bone, blood

Question 7

Name two hormones that are also proteins.

Answer 7

insulin, bovine somatotropin

Question 8

Amino acids bond together to form what?

Answer 8

proteins

Question 9

Name three organs that secrete enzymes.

Answer 9

abomasum, small intestine, pancreas

Question 10

Enzymes secreted by the abomasum, small intestine and pancreas do what to amino acids?

Answer 10

break the bonds of amino acids and separate them, which allows them to be absorbed by the body

Question 11

Proteins must be broken down into what before they can be absorbed by the body?

Answer 11

amino acids

Question 12

Name the two groups into which amino acids can be divided.

Answer 12

essential and non-essential

Question 13

What is the difference between essential and non-essential amino acids?

Answer 13

essential amino acids are NOT produced by the body and must be provided in the diet, and non-essential which are produced by the body and are not needed in the diet.

Question 14

What is the name used to remember the ten essential amino acids?

Answer 14

PHIL MT VAT

Question 15

How many of the essential amino acids can you name?

Answer 15

phenaylaline, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, tryptophan, valine, arginine, threonine

Question 16

Protein digested by the rumen microbes is called what?

Answer 16

ruminally degraded proteins RDP or degradable intake protein DIP

Question 17

Microbes digest the ruminally degradable protein RDP and break it down into what?

Answer 17

first the RDP is broken down into amino acids and then into ammonia

Question 18

Microbes “eat” the amino acids and ammonia and form new proteins called what?

Answer 18

microbial protein

Question 19

How long is the life span of the rumen microbes?

Answer 19

several hours

Question 20

When these rumen microbes die, they travel thru the digestive tract and these are digested into what? Where does this digestion take place?

Answer 20

The rumen microbes are digested into amino acids. This digestion takes place in the abomasum and small intestine.

Question 21

What provides the majority of the protein digested and absorbed by the animal?

Answer 21

microbial protein

Question 22

The portion of the protein that escapes rumen fermentation is called what?

Answer 22

ruminally undegraded protein (RUP) also known as undegradable intake protein (UIP) or bypass protein.

Question 23

The portion of protein that passes thru the rumen unchanged may be digested where?

Answer 23

in the abomasum and the small intestine

Question 24

What happens to the RUP (ruminally undegraded protein) that is indigestible?

Answer 24

it passes from the body in the feces

Question 25

Name some sources of ruminally degraded protein.

Answer 25

urea, soybean meal, alfalfa hay, silage

Question 26

Name some sources of ruminally undegraded protein.

Answer 26

distillers grains, brewers grains, roasted soybeans, blood meal, fish meal

Question 27

Name two aspects of the amino acids which reach the small intestine, that are important in determining the animal’s productivity?

Answer 27

the quantity and balance of the amino acids determine prodcutivity

Question 28

Why is the correct balance and quantity of amino acids necessary for productivity?

Answer 28

the animal uses the amino acids to create the proteins needed for growth, milk production, maintenance and pregnancy

Question 29

What do you call the amino acid that is in short supply and prevents more proteins from being formed?

Answer 29

first limiting amino acid

Question 30

Name the two most common limiting amino acids.

Answer 30

lysine and methionine

Question 31

Why are lysine and methionine in limited supply?

Answer 31

because they are found in low amounts in the common dairy feeds, corn, silage, soybean meal

Question 32

Name two good sources for lysine.

Answer 32

fish meal and blood meal

Question 33

Name three good sources for methionine.

Answer 33

corn gluten meal, fish meal, sunflower meal

Question 34

Designing rations using the proper protein supplements may increase what and decrease what?

Answer 34

can increase milk yield and decrease the release of excess nitrogen in the urine

Question 35

Any leftover amino acids that cannot be used will be removed from the body in what?

Answer 35

urine

Question 36

If an animal is not getting the proper proteins in the diet, it may lead to an excess of what element in the urine? Why is this bad?

Answer 36

nitrogen, which contaminates ground and surface water

Question 37

The quantity and balance of amino acids in the small intestine are important to determining the animal’s what?

Answer 37

productivity level

Question 38

The dairy animal puts together amino acids to form proteins needed for what four general functions?

Answer 38

growth, pregnancy, milk production, maintenance

Question 39

A protein is made up of a specific combination of what?

Answer 39

amino acids

Question 40

Amino acids are needed in varying amounts to build proteins. If one amino acid is in short or limited supply, that amino acid is called what?

Answer 40

first limiting amino acid

Question 41

In dairy rations, what are the two most common limiting amino acids?

Answer 41

lysine, methionine

Question 42

Why are the amino acids lysine and methionine the two most common limiting amino acids?

Answer 42

Because the common dairy rations of corn, silage and soybean meal are low in these amino acids (when compared to how much is needed to make milk)

Question 43

Give two examples of feed supplements which are a good source of lysine.

Answer 43

fish meal, blood meal

Question 44

Give two examples of feed supplements which are a good source of methionine.

Answer 44

corn gluten meal, fish meal, sunflower meal

Question 45

Using feed supplements to provide additional lysine and methionine to the dairy animal, may decrease the amount of what element that would otherwise be excreted in the urine, contaminating ground and surface water?

Answer 45

nitrogen