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Dairy Bowl > Reproduction 2015 > Flashcards

Reproduction 2015 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the structure that holds the uterus and ovaries in their proper position.

A

Broad ligament

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2
Q

Name the site where semen is deposited during natural service and during AI.

A

Natural - vagina

AI - in uterus

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3
Q

What are the two main functions of the ovaries?

A

Production of eggs

Secretes hormones essential for reproduction

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4
Q

What percentage of the cow’s ova were present at birth?

A

100%

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5
Q

The process of releasing an ovum from the follicle on the ovary is known by what term?

A

ovulation

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6
Q

After release from the follicle, how many hours will the ovum be fertile?

A

6-12 hours

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7
Q

What is the name of the temporary gland that forms on the ovary after the ovum is released?

A

Corpus luteum, or yellow body

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8
Q

Which reproductive hormone is produced in the hypothalamus of both cows and bulls?

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

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9
Q

GnRH causes the release of which two reproductive hormones?

A

LH and FSH

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10
Q

The follicle stimulating hormone stimulates the growth of what?

A

Ovarian follicles

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11
Q

Which reproductive hormone produced by the ovarian follicles causes estrus and peaks at the onset of standing heat?

A

estrogen

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12
Q

Which reproductive hormone is produced by the corpus luteum?

A

progesterone

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13
Q

What function does progesterone have in cows?

A

Necessary to maintain pregnancy by inhibiting release of GnRH

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14
Q

What function does prostaglandin have in the female reproductive cycle?

A

Restarts the estrous cycle by destroying the corpus luteum

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15
Q

Which reproductive hormone helps deliver the calf by stimulating muscular contractions of the uterus?

A

Oxytocin

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16
Q

Which reproductive hormone helps deliver the calf, by causing the tissue in the birth canal to relax?

A

Relaxin

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17
Q

What is the purpose of the female reproductive hormone prolactin?

A

Stimulate the udder to grow and start producing milk.

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18
Q

What is the normal range in length of the estrous cycle?

A

18-24 days

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19
Q

What is the average number of days between estrous cycles?

A

21 days

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20
Q

How many phases of the estrous cycle are there?

A

2 phases

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21
Q

Name and describe the two phases of the estrous cycle.

A

Follicular - active follicles are present

Luteal - corpus luteum is dominant ovarian structure

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22
Q

How many stages of the estrous cycle are there?

A

4

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23
Q

Name and describe the four stages of the estrous cycle.

A

Estrus - heat period
Metestrus - transition
Diestrus - corpus luteum present
Proestrus - prior to estrus

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24
Q

Name the term used to describe follicular development.

A

Follicular wave

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25
Q

Name the five phases of a follicular wave.

A

Recruitment, selection, growth, dominance, regression

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26
Q

Approximately how many follicular waves occur during an estrous cycle in cattle?

A

2-3 follicular waves

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27
Q

The period of heat in dairy cattle is known as what?

A

estrus

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28
Q

What is the duration of standing heat, and what is the average length?

A

Standing heat lasts 2-12 hours, with an average of 7 hours

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29
Q

What is the most common reason a cow does not come back into heat?

A

Pregnancy

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30
Q

What percentage of pregnant cows exhibit signs of estrus?

A

3-5%

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31
Q

Describe the levels of milk progesterone during estrus?

A

Progesterone levels are low

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32
Q

Identify the condition when the physical signs of heat are difficult to detect.

A

Silent heat

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33
Q

What term is used to describe the failure to have an estrous cycle?

A

Anestrus

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34
Q

Name five signs of estrus in dairy cattle.

A

Restlessness, bellowing, following and smelling another cow, mounting another cow, standing to be mounted, clear mucus discharge from vulva, vulva becomes red and swollen

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35
Q

What is the most reliable sign of estrus?

A

Standing to be mounted

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36
Q

Name five estrous synchronization programs.

A

CIDR, Ovsynch, Pre-Synch, Co-Synch, Heat-Synch

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37
Q

Name five heat detection aids used on dairy farms.

A

Heat expectancy charts, tail chalk, pedometers, accelerometers, pressure sensors, detector animals, electronic heat detection systems

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38
Q

Freezing semen from a bull and thawing it later to fertilize ova, is known as what process?

A

artificial insemination

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39
Q

Name 5 advantages of using artificial insemination over natural selection.

A

safety, genetic improvement, better disease control, better record keeping, easier to prove bulls, less expensive than keeping a bull

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40
Q

Approximately how long after the onset of standing heat, should a cow be artificially inseminated?

A

5-15 hours

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41
Q

The thin cylinder used to preserve frozen semen is known by what term?

A

A French straw

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42
Q

Name the element and its state used to freeze and store frozen semen.

A

liquid nitrogen

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43
Q

What is the temperature of liquid nitrogen?

A

-320º

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44
Q

Frozen semen should be thawed using what temperature of water and for how long?

A

90-95º for a minimum of 40 seconds

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45
Q

Why is it necessary to use the proper temperature of water for the appropriate time?

A

using the correct time and temperature of water will maximize the number of motile sperm

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46
Q

The process of joining an ovum and a sperm is known by what term?

A

fertilization

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47
Q

Where does fertilization take place?

A

oviduct

48
Q

What is a zygote?

A

fertilized ovum

49
Q

Where does the fetus grow and develop?

A

uterus

50
Q

The process of removing a fertilized ovum from a donor cow and transferring it to another cow or heifer is known by what term?

A

embryo transfer

51
Q

About how many days after breeding, are embryo transfers conducted?

A

7-8 days after breeding

52
Q

What is name given to a cow or heifer that receives a fertilized ovum from a donor cow?

A

recipient

53
Q

What hormone is given to the cow in the process of superovulation?

A

follicle stimulating hormone

54
Q

Why is a cow given FSH during super ovulation?

A

to increase the number of ova produced by the cow

55
Q

Name the process which uses ultrasonography to view the ovary while removing oocytes through the vagina using a needle.

A

transvaginal aspiration

56
Q

Conception rate is defined as the percent of what?

A

percent of breedings that result in a preganancy

57
Q

Name three factors that affect a dairy herd’s connection rate.

A

heat detection accuracy, cow fertility, bull fertility, technician competency

58
Q

Name five reasons that a herd doesn’t become pregnant when bred by artificial insemination.

A

failure to ovulate, fertilization failure, hormone imbalance, poor quality semen, failure to inseminate, improper insemination technique, heat detection errors

59
Q

The term pregnancy rate is a percentage that represents what?

A

percent of cows that become pregnant out of those eligible to become pregnant in a given period of time

60
Q

What is the usual length of time over which the pregnancy rate of a herd is determined?

A

21 days

61
Q

The pregnancy rate is the combined effect of what two other rates?

A

heat detection rate and conception rate

62
Q

How often is the pregnancy rate calculated and why?

A

it is calculated every 21 days, because that is the average length of the dairy cow’s estrous cycle

63
Q

For which types of herds can the pregnancy rate be calculated?

A

Iy can be calculated for AI herds, bull bred herds, or a combination of both

64
Q

Through which structure does the fetus receives all of its nutrients?

A

placenta

65
Q

Name the two structures which attach the placenta to the uterus.

A

maternal caruncles and fetal cotyledons

66
Q

What is the condition called when the fetal membranes remain attached to the maternal caruncles for greater than 24 hours?

A

retained placenta

67
Q

During which season is the rate of retained placenta the highest?

A

summer

68
Q

What is gestation and when does it begin and end?

A

the period of pregnancy, it begins at fertilization and ends at birth

69
Q

What is the average length of gestation?

A

276 to 292 days

70
Q

Name 5 factors that can affect the length of gestation.

A

age of the cow, breed of the cow, sex of the calf, number of calves carried, season of the year

71
Q

Which breed of dairy cattle has the longest gestation period?

A

Brown Swiss

72
Q

Name the technical term for the act of giving birth.

A

partuition

73
Q

Name the hormone released by a pregnant cow, which is triggered by her calf’s response to stress.

A

cortisol

74
Q

Why is the hormone relaxin released by the cow, just prior to calving?

A

the hormone relaxin enables the cervix to soften and stretch, in preparation for expelling the calf

75
Q

Give 5 signs a cow is near calving.

A

udder full, vulva enlarged, mucus discharge, relaxation of ligaments at tail head, restlessness

76
Q

What is the normal birth position of a calf?

A

front feet first with its head between the legs

77
Q

What is the main function of a bull’s testes?

A

to produce sperm and to produce the male sex hormones

78
Q

Cryptorchidism is what condition?

A

when one or both testes fail to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum

79
Q

The condition of cryptorchidism may affect what?

A

fertility

80
Q

The epididymus is the structure in the bull which stores what?

A

mature sperm

81
Q

Approximately how long does sperm live after being deposited in the cow’s reproductive tract?

A

24-30 hours

82
Q

Approximately how long does it take for the sperm to become capacitated?

A

6 hours

83
Q

Name the primary sugar found in sperm.

A

fructose

84
Q

What acid is produced by sperm during metabolism?

A

lactic acid

85
Q

Name the two male reproductive hormones which stimulate sperm production.

A

FSH and LH

86
Q

Name the male reproductive hormone which is responsible for the male sex drive.

A

testosterone

87
Q

In reproductive terms, what do the letters VWP mean?

A

voluntary waiting period

88
Q

How long is the most common Voluntary Waiting Period?

A

60 days

89
Q

Define the term voluntary waiting period.

A

the time period after calving when the dairy producer chooses not to breed a cow

90
Q

“Days to first service” is a term which describes what time period?

A

the days from calving until first breeding date

91
Q

The period of time from one calving until the next calving, is known by what term?

A

calving interval

92
Q

Name 4 factors which can affect the calving interval.

A

voluntary waiting period, heat detection, conception rate reproductive culling

93
Q

The acronym SCR stands for what?

A

sire conception rate

94
Q

The evaluation of artificial insemination service-sire fertility is known by what term?

A

sire conception rate

95
Q

Name 5 uses for ultrasound in a reproductive management program.

A

pregnancy determination, determine embryonic losses, determine if twins are being carried, monitor cystic ovaries, determine sex of embryo

96
Q

What is the number one reason for culling in U.S. dairy herds?

A

reproductive failure

97
Q

What is involution?

A

the process where the uterus returns to normal size after calving

98
Q

Approximately how many days does it take for a cow’s reproductive tract to return to normal?

A

30 - 45 days

99
Q

What is the term used to describe an infection of the uterus?

A

metritis

100
Q

Endometritis is an inflammation of what?

A

uterine lining

101
Q

During what season of the year, is the incidence of endometritis the greatest?

A

summer

102
Q

Sterility describes an animal that cannot do what?

A

cannot reproduce

103
Q

The premature expulsion of a fetus is known by what term?

A

abortion

104
Q

Name 5 dieseases that cause abortions in dairy cattle.

A

brucellosis, chlamydia, IBR, leptospirosis, listeriosis, neospora, trichomoniasis, vibriosis

105
Q

Approximately 12-14% of problem breeders are found to have what reproductive problem?

A

cystic ovaries

106
Q

Approximately what percentage of dairy cows will develop cystic ovaries over their lifetime?

A

10-40%

107
Q

What are the three types of cystic ovaries?

A

follicular cysts, luteal cysts, cystic corpus lutea

108
Q

Thin-walled, non-ovulating ovarian cysts, which secretes variable amounts of estrogen, are known as what type of cyst?

A

follicular cysts

109
Q

Thick-walled ovarian cysts which secrete low levels of progesterone, are known as what type of cyst?

A

luteal cysts

110
Q

Which type of ovarian cyst is most like normal corpora lutea?

A

cystic corpus lutea

111
Q

Name 3 disadvantages to twinning in dairy cattle.

A

reduced milk production during lactation, calving difficulties are more frequent, abortion rates are higher, twins are often weak at birth, potential for a freemartin heifer

112
Q

What is a freemartin?

A

a sterile heifer born twin to a bull

113
Q

What percentage of heifers born twin to a bull are sterile?

A

90%

114
Q

Why is it important to feed appropriate amounts of grain and silage?

A

To ensure maximum growth potential of the calf, without excessive weight gain

115
Q

Why is it important to transition your animal to a diet similar to what it will have at a show?

A

so the animal does not go off feed and to prevent stomach problems

116
Q

Why is it important to constantly monitor your animals body condition?

A

to adjust their diet as needed to prevent excess fat, or ensure proper growth

117
Q

Why is dehorning of calves an encouraged management practice in the dairy industry?

A

for the safety of the animal, other animals and people

Dairy Bowl (57 decks)

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