Respiration Lecture 15: Histology

Question 1

respiratory tract

Answer 1

tubular system that extends from nares to lungs

Question 2

Functions of resp. tract

Answer 2

1) warm/moisten air
2) detect odorant molecules
3) conduct air to lungs
4) gas exchange with blood
5) minimize entry of ingested food and fluid
6) produce vocalizations
7) trap/eliminate foreign particles
8) combat microbes

Question 3

Type of epithelium in vestibular region

Answer 3

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Question 4

2 types of epithelium in respiratory region

Answer 4

respiratory + olfactory ep.

Question 5

4 main components of nasal cavity

Answer 5

1) vestibular region
2) respiratory region
3) paranasal sinuses
4) vomeronasal organs

Question 6

philtrum

Answer 6

area between nostril and mouth

Question 7

respiratory epithelium =

Answer 7

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 8

4 main cell types found in resp. ep.

Answer 8

goblet, ciliated, basal, and brush cells

Question 9

olfactory epithelium =

Answer 9

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 10

3 main cell types found in olfactory ep.

Answer 10

sustentacular, olfactory, and basal cells. NO GOBLET CELLS

Question 11

where are Bowman’s glands found and what do they do?

Answer 11

Beneath olfactory epithelium; secretion dissolves odor-producing substances

Question 12

Paranasal sinuses fx

Answer 12

provide thermal and mechanical protection to orbits, nasal and cranial cavities; add resonance to vocalizations

Question 13

T or F: pig has more extensive paranasal sinus than dog

Answer 13

T

Question 14

What is paranasal sinus lined by?

Answer 14

Resp. ep.

Question 15

What is vomeronasal organ lined by?

Answer 15

Resp. and Olf. ep., cartilage

Question 16

vomeronasal organ fx

Answer 16

detect pheromones involved in social and mating behaviors

Question 17

What is nasopharynx lined by?

Answer 17

resp. ep. (pseudostratified ciliated columbar ep.) Is around the soft palate

Question 18

What is larynx lined by?

Answer 18

stratified squamous and resp. ep.

Question 19

Epiglottis is lined by:

Answer 19

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that interdigitates with the lamina propria

Question 20

Epithelium in trachea

Answer 20

respiratory ep.

Question 21

where is trachealis m. in dog vs. ox?

Answer 21

dog-outside smooth muscle ring; ox-inside ring

Question 22

Tunic layers from inside to outside of tubular organ (4)

Answer 22

1) Tunica mucosa (lines lumen)
2) Tunica submucosa (often contains glands)
3) Tunica muscularis
4) Tunica serosa or adventitia

Question 23

Main secretory cell type in tracheal epithelum of domestic mammals

Answer 23

goblet cells

Question 24

lamina muscularis mucosae in trachea contains

Answer 24

elastic fibers

Question 25

muscularis externa in trachea contains

Answer 25

joining of trachealis m. and cartilage

Question 26

conducting airways of bronchial tree

Answer 26

trachea + extrapulmonary bronchus

Question 27

transitional/respiratory bronchioles

Answer 27

char. by direct attachment of alveoli; not present in all species. Between terminal bronchioles and alveolar ducts. Participate in gas exchange

Question 28

Granular (Type II Pneumonocytes)

Answer 28

Thicker and less numerous than Type I. Secrete surfactant. Aka septal cells

Question 29

Membranous (Type I) pneumonocytes

Answer 29

squamous cells that line alveolar wall. Thin cells, where gas exchange takes place. Surround capillaries

Question 30

2 kinds of macrophages in lung tissue

Answer 30

septal (remains w/n connective tissue septa) and alveolar (on alveolar lining, or free in lumen). Scavenge for particulates and move them upward and out via cilia

Question 31

Passage of air from bronchiole to alveoli

Answer 31

bronchiole –>alveolar duct –>atrium –> alveoli

Question 32

air-blood barrier components

Answer 32

1) surfactant
2) alveolar membrane
3) interstitial fluid
4) basal laminae of pneumonocyte and enothelium
5) endothelial cell
6) blood plasma
7) red blood cell

Question 33

what does bronchial artery supply?

Answer 33

resp. structures

Question 34

What vessels supply gas exchange system?

Answer 34

pulmonary a., alveolar capillaries, pulmonary vein

Question 35

What innervates resp. system?

Answer 35

Parasympathetic –> vagus (bronchoconstriction)

Sympathetic –> T2-T4 (bronchodilation)

Question 36

respiratory distress syndrome

Answer 36

lungs collapse and fail to expand

Question 37

Immotile cilia (Kartagener’s) syndrome

Answer 37

leads to chronic resp. infections

Question 38

Tracheal hypoplasia

Answer 38

narrowed airway due to abnormal devel. of cartilage rings

Question 39

T or F: avian hyaline cartilage rings are complete

Answer 39

T

Question 40

Which components of avian resp. system are lined with resp. epithelium?

Answer 40

Trachea primary bronchi, mesobronchus

Question 41

Where is lymphatic tissue located in resp. system of birds?

Answer 41

lamina propria of bronchi

Question 42

avian ventilation circuit

Answer 42

bronchus –> caudal sac –> lung –> cranial sac –> out

Question 43

Syrinx

Answer 43

where trachea forks into lungs in birds. Where sound is produced via vibrations of typmaniform membrane and pessulus

Question 44

theory of gastric CO2 prod. and ventilation

Answer 44

during resp. acidosis, excess CO2 travels from gastric artery to stomach and out esophagus