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Undeleted > Lecture 11: Avian Anatomy > Flashcards

Lecture 11: Avian Anatomy Flashcards

0
Q

Birds see with which part of their brain?

A

Midbrain. Objects must be moving in relation to bird in order for them to see it.

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1
Q

Which aortic arch develops in birds?

A

right aortic arch

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2
Q

The premaxilla is present in birds, but absent in mammals

A

:)

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3
Q

How do the nasal and oral cavities communicate in the bird?

A

via the choana

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4
Q

fx of craniofacial hinge

A

allows birds to literally unhinge their beak. A synovial joint, well developed in psittacines.

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5
Q

major sinus in birds

A

infraorbital sinus

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6
Q

bird vertebral formula

A

C14 T7 (L-S)14 Cd6.

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7
Q

What allows for significant head rotation in birds?

A

single occipital condyle

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8
Q

fx of the notarium

A

fused in thoracic region to provide stability during wing downbeat

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9
Q

synsacrum

A

the fused lumbosacral area

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10
Q

pygostyle

A

the last vertebra; where the tail feathers attach

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11
Q

compare sternal ribs in birds vs. costal cartilage in mammals

A

sternal ribs have ossified, whereas they are cartilaginous in mammals

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12
Q

pectoral girdle is comprised of:

A

scapula, clavicle, and coracoid bones

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13
Q

What structures push the wings OUT/act as struts?

A

clavicle and coracoid bones

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14
Q

the dorsal wall of the thorax is formed by the:

A

notarium

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15
Q

the lateral wall of the thorax is formed by the:

A

ribs

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16
Q

fx of uncinate processes of bird ribs

A

project caudally from each rib to overlap the succeeding rib. Overlap provides stability and allows for expansion during inspiration/expiration

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17
Q

ventral wall of thorax formed by:

A

sternum

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18
Q

fx of keel

A

supports the abdominal viscera and provides attachment to the large flight muscles

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19
Q

major m. that elevates the wing*

A

deep pectoral m.

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20
Q

major m. that compresses the wing during the downbeat*

A

superficial pectoral m.

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21
Q

fx of clavicles

A

act as struts or springs that hold wings away from midline

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22
Q

how does humerus of birds differ from mammals?

A

contains a large air sac extension through a pneumatic foramen

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23
Q

where do secondary flight feathers attach?

A

ulna

24
Q

Name the 2 bones of the bird carpus. Why only 2?

A

ulnar and radial carpals. No concussion absorption necessary in the bird forelimb

25
Q

where do primary flight feathers attach?

A

carpometacarpus

26
Q

carpometacarpus in birds is comprised of which bones?

A

fused metacarpals II, III, and IV and distal row of carpal bones

27
Q

which digits are present in birds?

A

II, III, IV

28
Q

fx of antitrochanter of ilium

A

allows birds to stand on 1 leg

29
Q

What forms the sciatic foramen? What passes through this foramen?

A

Ischium. sciatic n. and a. pass through it

30
Q

fx of unfused pubis bones

A

allows for passage of eggs in females

31
Q

Major flight muscles

A

superficial and deep pectoral mm.

32
Q

longest bone of pelvic limb

A

tibiotarsus. Results from fusion of the tibia with the prox. row of tarsal bones

33
Q

tarsometatarsus results from fusion of which bones?

A

distal row of tarsal bones and metatarsal bones II, III, IV

34
Q

hock joint is formed by articulation b/w which 2 bones?

A

tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus

35
Q

which digit is directed caudally in birds? How many phalanges does it have?

A

digit I. Has 3 phalanges

36
Q

origin, insertion, and function of the superficial pec

A

O: keel/clavicle/sternal ribs
I: humerus
Fx: wing “downbeat” caused by adduction and depression of the wing

37
Q

Origin, Insertion, Action of deep pectoral m.

A

O: sternum
I: humerus (via a tendon which travels through the foramen triosseum)
A: abduction/elevation of wing

38
Q

“The triceps and extensor carpi radialis muscles and the radial n. are as important to flight in the bird as they are to limb support and locomotion in mammals.”

A

:)

39
Q

propatagium

A

the “wing membrane.” Has small patagial muscles which pull on the membrane to change it’s shape. VERY important for flight

40
Q

pineoning procedure

A

resecets part of the extensor carpi radialis m. so the bird can’t fly

41
Q

Unique to birds: a sciatic artery that runs with the sciatic n.

A

:)

42
Q

venipuncture performed in R or L jugular vein?

A

R

43
Q

the caudal portion of the larynx is called the:

A

syrinx

44
Q

How are vocal sounds produced in birds?

A

by vibration of the lateral and medial walls of the membranous proximal bronchii

45
Q

cartilages of the cranial portion of the larynx of birds

A

dual cricoid and arytenoid

46
Q

Why is there no separation of the coelomic (body cavity in birds?

A

No diaphragm to separate coelomic cavity into thoracic and abdominal cavities

47
Q

fx of air sacs

A

store air and promote complete filling of the passive lungs

48
Q

Where are air sacs located?

A

thoracic and abdominal cavities, pneumatic spaces of several bones. They all connect directly with the secondary bronchii

49
Q

crop

A

diverticulum of the esophagus (normally on the R side) which functions as a storage organ for ingested food and as a source of “crop millk”

50
Q

fx of gizzard

A

grinds up food material b/c birds don’t have teeth/lips. synonymous with ventriculus

51
Q

which organ surrounds the pancreas in birds?

A

duodenum

52
Q

the colon extends from ___ to ____

A

from ileum to cloaca

53
Q

cloaca

A

common junction of the digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts

54
Q

Do birds have a urethra?

A

no

55
Q

vent is to birds as ___ is to mammals

A

anus

56
Q

coprodeum

A

cranial portion of the cloaca that receives the colon

57
Q

urodeum

A

middle portion of cloaca that receives the ureters and repro tracts

58
Q

proctodeum

A

caudal portion of the cloaca that receives the duct of the cloacal bursa (bursa of fabricius)

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