Lecture 11: Avian Anatomy

Question 0

Birds see with which part of their brain?

Answer 0

Midbrain. Objects must be moving in relation to bird in order for them to see it.

Question 1

Which aortic arch develops in birds?

Answer 1

right aortic arch

Question 2

The premaxilla is present in birds, but absent in mammals

Answer 2

:)

Question 3

How do the nasal and oral cavities communicate in the bird?

Answer 3

via the choana

Question 4

fx of craniofacial hinge

Answer 4

allows birds to literally unhinge their beak. A synovial joint, well developed in psittacines.

Question 5

major sinus in birds

Answer 5

infraorbital sinus

Question 6

bird vertebral formula

Answer 6

C14 T7 (L-S)14 Cd6.

Question 7

What allows for significant head rotation in birds?

Answer 7

single occipital condyle

Question 8

fx of the notarium

Answer 8

fused in thoracic region to provide stability during wing downbeat

Question 9

synsacrum

Answer 9

the fused lumbosacral area

Question 10

pygostyle

Answer 10

the last vertebra; where the tail feathers attach

Question 11

compare sternal ribs in birds vs. costal cartilage in mammals

Answer 11

sternal ribs have ossified, whereas they are cartilaginous in mammals

Question 12

pectoral girdle is comprised of:

Answer 12

scapula, clavicle, and coracoid bones

Question 13

What structures push the wings OUT/act as struts?

Answer 13

clavicle and coracoid bones

Question 14

the dorsal wall of the thorax is formed by the:

Answer 14

notarium

Question 15

the lateral wall of the thorax is formed by the:

Answer 15

ribs

Question 16

fx of uncinate processes of bird ribs

Answer 16

project caudally from each rib to overlap the succeeding rib. Overlap provides stability and allows for expansion during inspiration/expiration

Question 17

ventral wall of thorax formed by:

Answer 17

sternum

Question 18

fx of keel

Answer 18

supports the abdominal viscera and provides attachment to the large flight muscles

Question 19

major m. that elevates the wing*

Answer 19

deep pectoral m.

Question 20

major m. that compresses the wing during the downbeat*

Answer 20

superficial pectoral m.

Question 21

fx of clavicles

Answer 21

act as struts or springs that hold wings away from midline

Question 22

how does humerus of birds differ from mammals?

Answer 22

contains a large air sac extension through a pneumatic foramen

Question 23

where do secondary flight feathers attach?

Answer 23

ulna

Question 24

Name the 2 bones of the bird carpus. Why only 2?

Answer 24

ulnar and radial carpals. No concussion absorption necessary in the bird forelimb

Question 25

where do primary flight feathers attach?

Answer 25

carpometacarpus

Question 26

carpometacarpus in birds is comprised of which bones?

Answer 26

fused metacarpals II, III, and IV and distal row of carpal bones

Question 27

which digits are present in birds?

Answer 27

II, III, IV

Question 28

fx of antitrochanter of ilium

Answer 28

allows birds to stand on 1 leg

Question 29

What forms the sciatic foramen? What passes through this foramen?

Answer 29

Ischium. sciatic n. and a. pass through it

Question 30

fx of unfused pubis bones

Answer 30

allows for passage of eggs in females

Question 31

Major flight muscles

Answer 31

superficial and deep pectoral mm.

Question 32

longest bone of pelvic limb

Answer 32

tibiotarsus. Results from fusion of the tibia with the prox. row of tarsal bones

Question 33

tarsometatarsus results from fusion of which bones?

Answer 33

distal row of tarsal bones and metatarsal bones II, III, IV

Question 34

hock joint is formed by articulation b/w which 2 bones?

Answer 34

tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus

Question 35

which digit is directed caudally in birds? How many phalanges does it have?

Answer 35

digit I. Has 3 phalanges

Question 36

origin, insertion, and function of the superficial pec

Answer 36

O: keel/clavicle/sternal ribs I: humerus Fx: wing "downbeat" caused by adduction and depression of the wing

Question 37

Origin, Insertion, Action of deep pectoral m.

Answer 37

O: sternum I: humerus (via a tendon which travels through the foramen triosseum) A: abduction/elevation of wing

Question 38

"The triceps and extensor carpi radialis muscles and the radial n. are as important to flight in the bird as they are to limb support and locomotion in mammals."

Answer 38

:)

Question 39

propatagium

Answer 39

the "wing membrane." Has small patagial muscles which pull on the membrane to change it's shape. VERY important for flight

Question 40

pineoning procedure

Answer 40

resecets part of the extensor carpi radialis m. so the bird can't fly

Question 41

Unique to birds: a sciatic artery that runs with the sciatic n.

Answer 41

:)

Question 42

venipuncture performed in R or L jugular vein?

Answer 42

R

Question 43

the caudal portion of the larynx is called the:

Answer 43

syrinx

Question 44

How are vocal sounds produced in birds?

Answer 44

by vibration of the lateral and medial walls of the membranous proximal bronchii

Question 45

cartilages of the cranial portion of the larynx of birds

Answer 45

dual cricoid and arytenoid

Question 46

Why is there no separation of the coelomic (body cavity in birds?

Answer 46

No diaphragm to separate coelomic cavity into thoracic and abdominal cavities

Question 47

fx of air sacs

Answer 47

store air and promote complete filling of the passive lungs

Question 48

Where are air sacs located?

Answer 48

thoracic and abdominal cavities, pneumatic spaces of several bones. They all connect directly with the secondary bronchii

Question 49

crop

Answer 49

diverticulum of the esophagus (normally on the R side) which functions as a storage organ for ingested food and as a source of "crop millk"

Question 50

fx of gizzard

Answer 50

grinds up food material b/c birds don't have teeth/lips. synonymous with ventriculus

Question 51

which organ surrounds the pancreas in birds?

Answer 51

duodenum

Question 52

the colon extends from ___ to ____

Answer 52

from ileum to cloaca

Question 53

cloaca

Answer 53

common junction of the digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts

Question 54

Do birds have a urethra?

Answer 54

no

Question 55

vent is to birds as ___ is to mammals

Answer 55

anus

Question 56

coprodeum

Answer 56

cranial portion of the cloaca that receives the colon

Question 57

urodeum

Answer 57

middle portion of cloaca that receives the ureters and repro tracts

Question 58

proctodeum

Answer 58

caudal portion of the cloaca that receives the duct of the cloacal bursa (bursa of fabricius)