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Undeleted > Lecture 23/24: Reptilian GI Physiology (Wellehan) > Flashcards

Lecture 23/24: Reptilian GI Physiology (Wellehan) Flashcards

1
Q

monophyletic group

A

group that contains all descendents from a common ancestor

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2
Q

squamate

A

lizards + snakes

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3
Q

first group to branch off from squamates

A

geckos

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4
Q

main radiant heat source

A

the sun

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5
Q

do most reptiles use radiant or contact heat sources in the wild?

A

radiant. It is difficult to maintain an even gradient with a contact heat source

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6
Q

space heaters and aquarium heaters provide contact, radiant, or convective heat?

A

convective

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7
Q

postprandial means:

A

after a meal

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8
Q

How is postprandial metabolic rate affected by temperature?

A

Higher temp = faster metabolic rate

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9
Q

Why are acrodont type teeth clinically relevant?

A

They are prone to periodontal disease and sloughing of the dental cascade. These type of teeth don’t continuously replace themselves
-common in chameleons

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10
Q

lead poisoning in gators can lead to:

A

loss of teeth

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11
Q

To do dental work on a gator, which nerve should be blocked?

A

mandibular

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12
Q

Herpesviruses are common in which reptiles?

A

tortoises and lizards

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13
Q

Where do herpesviruses reside histologically?

A

within host cell nuclei

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14
Q

What other clinical signs are assoc. with lizard herpesvirus?

A

stomatitis and hepatitis

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15
Q

Explain why cardio physiology is very important for GI in crocodiles *

A

Crocodiles have a complete vetricular septum unlike other reptiles. The right aortic arch is the main outflow of the heart, however the left aortic arch persists and carries less oxygenated blood. This blood with a higher CO2 can be carried to the stomach where it helps create a very low pH in the stomach. ligation of left aorta causes a decrease in gastric acid production

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16
Q

Which animals have a complete ventricular septum?

A

mammals, birds, crocodiles.

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17
Q

Foramen of Panizza

A

aperture b/w R and L aortic arches. Shrinks with adrenaline

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18
Q

Subpulmonary conus

A

cog-tooth valve that blocks pulmonary outlfow. Opened by adrenaline

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19
Q

In crocodiles, the right ventricle feeds which major arteries?

A

pulmonary and left aorta

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20
Q

pathway of respiratory system in birds

A

trachea –> bronchi –> bronchioles –> lungs –> air capillaries –> air sacs

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21
Q

increased bicarbonate –> O2 bound to hemoglobin

A

decreases. (causes O2 release)

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22
Q

gastric acid secretion –> chloride, bicarbonate

A

depletes chloride, increases bicarb.

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23
Q

clades of cryptosporidium are related by:

A

their trophic form (what part of the GI they infect)

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24
Q

clinical signs of cryptosporidium

A

wasting, gastritis, enteritis, aural polyps. May be asymptomatic

25
Q

methods for diagnosing crypto

A
  • acid fast staining
  • stomach washes
  • enzyme immunoassay
  • PCR (easiest method)
  • GI biopsy
26
Q

What are spirurids?

A

an order of nematodes, often found in gastric mucosa

27
Q

adenoviruses

A

diverse, stable, non-enveloped viruses found in reptiles. Usually host-specific. Commonly seen in co-infections. clinical signs = enteritis, hepatitis, etc.

28
Q

siadenovirus (a type of adenovirus) is found in which species

A

tortoises. >80% mortality rate! Never subclinical

29
Q

poster child for adenovirus

A

bearded dragons

30
Q

Methods of diagnosis for adenovirus

A
  • electron microscopy
  • in situ hybridization
  • PCR
31
Q

treatment for adenovirus

A

cidofovir in mammals. No known treatment for reptiles

32
Q

Gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma

A

a somatostatin producing tumor found commonly in bearded dragons. Causes hyperglycemia

33
Q

How are bearded dragons and horses similar with respect to GI?

A

both are hind gut fermenters

34
Q

eat a meal –> growth and diversity of gut flora

A

increases. EXCEPT for bacteroidetes, which decreases after eating.

35
Q

eat a meal –> heart ventricular size, size of intestinal villi in pythons

A

both increase

36
Q

entamoeba invadens

A

pathogenic protozoal parasite of reptiles, causing colitis and gastritis. Tx = raise temperature (they are temp. sensitive)

37
Q

parabasalidea

A
  • commonly found in normal animals
  • assoc. with flagellates
  • causes colitis
  • tx = metronidazole
38
Q

types of coccidia

A

intestinal, extraintestinal, intranuclear.

39
Q

methods of diagnosing coccidia

A
  • intestinal: fecal flotation
  • extraintestinal: histology
  • PCR
40
Q

most effective tx for coccidia?

A

toltrazuril

41
Q

reovirus

A
  • stable, unenveloped, rapidly reproducing segmented virus
  • easily reassorts; hard to vaccinate against
  • causes lipid depletion
42
Q

Do nematodes have direct or indirect lifecycle?

A

direct

43
Q

Do acanthocephala (thorny headed worms) have direct or indirect lifecycle?

A

indirect

44
Q

3 parts of cloaca

A

coprodeum, urodeum, proctodeum

45
Q

where is calcium first lost when a reptile makes an egg?

A

phalanges

46
Q

most common health problem in reptiles

A

obesity

47
Q

nutritionally simplest reptiles

A

snakes. All are carnivores, typically eat whole prey.

48
Q

T or F: venom may be necessary for digestion

A

T

49
Q

Why is it better to feed pre-killed prey to snakes?

A

no risk of injury, can be stored frozen. However, in feeding frozen fish there is a concern about thiaminase

50
Q

when do snakes typically eat their first meal?

A

After their first shed

51
Q

Common health problems in captive lizards

A
  • dehydration
  • obesity
  • underfeeding
  • incorrect Ca:P ratio in food
  • Vit. D toxicity
52
Q

what causes tongue incoordination in chameleons?

A

Ca deficiency

53
Q

piscivorous means:

A

eats fish

54
Q

what are chelonians?

A

turtles and tortoises

55
Q

prolapses in chelonians are often assoc. with

A

vitamin A deficiency

56
Q

common health problems in captive chelonians

A
  • secondary hyperparathyroidism to nutritional problem
  • vit. A deficiency
  • thiamine deficiency
57
Q

lizards require sunlight for:

A

vitamin D metabolism

58
Q

herbivorous chelonians are prone to:

A

nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism, fiber deficiency, calcium deficiency

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