Lecture 13: Clinical Correlations (Big Picture) (Stone) Flashcards

0
Q

Why is the proximal tubule and thick ascending loop of Henle especially susceptible to ischemic or toxic injury?

A

They have a very high metabolic rate (very oxygen dependent) and have many transport functions

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1
Q

2 causes of acute tubular necrosis

A

ischemia or toxins

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2
Q

hypovolemia

A

chronic dehydration

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3
Q

diarrhea –> renal blood flow

A

decreases

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4
Q

Hypoxic injury to prox. tubule and thick ascending limb results in:

A
  • rapid depletion of ATP
  • inactivity of Na/K ATPase pump
  • increased intracellular Ca
  • cell swelling/death
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5
Q

increased pressure in Bowman’s capsule due to intraluminal obstruction –> GFR

A

decreases

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6
Q

isosthenuria

A

failure to concentrate urine

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7
Q

sever proteinuria + low blood protein (albumin) indicates:

A

Glomerular disease

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8
Q

What could you look at to differentiate between pre-renal and renal azotemia?

A

specific gravity of urine. Prerenal should have concentrated urine.

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9
Q

deposition of Ag-Ab complexes along basement membrane in the subendothelial space of a glomerulus leads to:

A

damage to basement membrane in glomerulus and leakage

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10
Q

dysuria

A

difficult or painful urination

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11
Q

stranguria

A

straining to urinate, with the normal rate and flow of voiding decreased and effort increased

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12
Q

pollakuria

A

frequent voiding of small amounts of urine

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13
Q

urinary incontinence

A

involuntary voiding of urine

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14
Q

anuria

A

absence of urine production

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15
Q

oliguria

A

scant or subnormal urine production

16
Q

hematuria

A

blood in the urine

17
Q

hemaglobinuria

A

high Hb in the urine

18
Q

myoglobinuria

A

high myoglobin in the urine

19
Q

bilirubinuria

A

high bilirubin in the urine

20
Q

pyruria

A

pus in the urine

21
Q

crystalluria

A

crystals in the urine

22
Q

proteinuria

A

proteins in the urine

23
Q

glucosuria

A

glucose in the urine

24
ketonuria
ketones in the urine
25
isosthenuria
urine osmolality or specific gravity is in the same range as glomerular filtrate; interpretation requires knowledge of hydration status.
26
uremia
combination of clinical signs, impaired metabolic processes and alterations in organ function resulting from failure to excrete waste products through urine
27
azotemia
increased concentrations of urea, nitrogen, and creatinine in blood. - prerenal = azotemia + concentrated urine - renal = azotemia + isosthenuria - postrenal = azotemia + variable urine concentration