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Undeleted > Lecture 2: Histology of the musculoskeletal system (Baekey) > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Histology of the musculoskeletal system (Baekey) Flashcards

1
Q

Embryonic vs. Fetal periods of growth

A

embryonic growth = organogenesis, wheras fetal period of growth = growth of existing organs and structures

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2
Q

what represents the major component of increase in overall body mass during the fetal growth phase?

A

growth in the musculoskeletal system

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3
Q

ossification/osteogenesis

A

process of laying down new bone material by osteoblasts

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4
Q

when does ossification in long bones begin in humans?

A

third month of embryonic development

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5
Q

when does ossification completely finish in humans?

A

by 25 yrs

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6
Q

epiphysis

A

end portion of long bone

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7
Q

diaphysis

A

middle portion of long bone

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8
Q

In which direction does ossification occur in long bones?

A

moves outward from diaphysis to epiphysis

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9
Q

skull growth in female vs. male baboons

A

Males continue along the SAME growth trajectory as females, but for a longer period of time

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10
Q

4 mechanisms of growth

A

1) cell proliferation
2) protoplasmic synthesis
3) water uptake
4) intercellular matrix deposition (i.e. connective tissue, cartilage, bone)

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11
Q

protoplasmic synthesis

A

new organic matter is created from nutrient supply via biosynthesis

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12
Q

What are ABSOLUTE growth scales used for?

A

to compare growth within a species

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13
Q

What are RELATIVE growth scales used for?

A

to compare growth between species

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14
Q

What is scaling?

A

The relationship b/w overall body size and the relative sizes of various body parts

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15
Q

Geometric vs. elastic scaling

A

In geometric scaling, all of the proportions stay the same (aka isometry). In elastic scaling, some areas grow disproportionately to others (can be positive or negative allometry)

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16
Q

Allometry

A

a mathematical tool for analyzing scaling. The study of the relationship b/w size and shape.

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17
Q

positive allometry

A

when the body part of interest grows faster than whatever it’s being compared to (i.e. the rest of the body)

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18
Q

negative allometry

A

when the body part of interest grows slower than whatever it’s being compared to (i.e. the rest of the body)

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19
Q

growth pattern of the human brain

A

fetal phase = isometry
early postnatal = negative allometry
late postnatal = little or no growth

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20
Q

Major tissue components of the MS system

A

skeletal muscle, cartilage, bone, connective tissue, associated blood vessels and nerves

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21
Q

fetal precursor to skeletal muscle

A

somite myotomes

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22
Q

fetal precursor to connective tissue

A

somite dermatomes

23
Q

fetal precursor to axial skeleton

A

somite sclerotomes

24
Q

fetal precursor to appendicular skeleton

A

lateral plate somatic mesoderm

25
Q

fetal precursor to skull and branchial arch bone + cartilage

A

head mesenchyme (largely neural crest)

26
Q

fetal precursor to skeletal muscle of head and branchial arches 1-3

A

somitomeres

27
Q

when do myotome cells become myoblasts?

A

when they lose the ability to undergo mitosis and begin synthesizing myofibrilar proteins

28
Q

myotube

A

an elongated multinucleated muscle fibers formed by fused myoblasts. Synthesizes actin and myosin which self-assemble into thick and thin filaments

29
Q

3 main steps of skeletal muscle fiber development

A

1) mesenchymal cells differentiate into myoblasts.
2) myoblasts fuse to form myotubes. Contractile filaments begin to order peripherally
3) nuclei migrate to periphery and cytoplasm is filled with bundles of contractile filaments in banding pattern

30
Q

3 main layers of muscle

A

epimysium, perimysium, endomysium

31
Q

epimysium

A

(fascia) the outer capsule of muscle

32
Q

perimysium

A

inward extensions of epimysium that package groups of muscle cells into fascicles and bring nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics into the muscle

33
Q

endomysium

A

loos connective tissue that surrounds individual multinucleated muscle fibers; brings in capillaries and the smallest division of nerves

34
Q

metaphysis

A

transition between the epiphysis and diaphysis

35
Q

physes =

A

growth plates. located at metaphysis. An immovable cartilaginous joint (synchondrosis) b/w the epiphysis and diaphysis

36
Q

characteristics of zone of resting chondrocytes ***

A

scattered, non-dividing chondrocytes which may serve to weld the growth plate to the epiphysis

37
Q

characteristics of zone of proliferative chondrocytes ***

A
  • isogenic columns of actively dividing chondrocytes
  • site of elongation of the long bone
  • more mature chondrocytes located at the diaphyseal end of the columns
38
Q

characteristics of zone of hypertrophied chondrocytes ***

A
  • narrow zone at diaphyseal end of isogenic columns
  • chondrocytes with lacunae are large and intercellular matrix is minimal
  • weakest site in the growth plate & major site of fractures
39
Q

chars. of zone of calcified cartilage ***

A
  • calcium deposition appears as dk. stained matrix

- tidemark visible as border b/w zone of articular cartilage and zone of calcification

40
Q

osteoblast fx

A

deposit successive lamellae of bone matrix along margins of trabeculae

41
Q

osteocyte

A

an osteoblast that has become trapped inside the deposited matrix. persist as mature bone cells

42
Q

fx of canaliculi

A

capture blood supply from haversian canal to supply osteocytes within an osteon

43
Q

what does tidemark denote?

A

the border between articular and mineralized (calcified) cartilage

44
Q

diarthroidal joint

A

a movable joint

45
Q

synarthroidal joint

A

an immovable joint

46
Q

synovial joint components

A

components: articulating bone surfaces covered by hyaline cartilage separated by a fluid-filled joint cavity, surrounded by a joint capsule

47
Q

examples of synovial joint

A

scapulo-humeral; stifle

48
Q

symphysis joint components

A

articular surfaces covered by hyaline cartilage, separated by a pad of fibrocartilage

49
Q

examples of symphysis joint

A

intervertebral, pubic symphysis

50
Q

components of synovial joint capsule

A

synovial membrane (epithelial-like layer of fibroblasts), synovial fold (infolding of synovial membrane into synovial space), and fibrous layer (dense white fibrous connective tissue that contains elastic fibers)

51
Q

perichondral ring

A

where fibrous layer of synovial joint capsule attaches to bone. An area of transition b/w the articular cartilage and the periosteum of the diaphysis

52
Q

periosteum

A

membrane that lines the outer surface of all bones

53
Q

what are tendons composed of?

A

dense white fibrous connective tissue anchored to bone or muscle

54
Q

Sharpey’s fibers

A

collagenous fibers that attach tendons, ligaments, and joint capsules to bone

Undeleted (134 decks)

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