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Undeleted > Lecture 18: Camelid Repro (McNaughten) > Flashcards

Lecture 18: Camelid Repro (McNaughten) Flashcards

0
Q

new world camelids

A

ex: llama, alpaca, gunaco, vicuna
in the US llamas and alpacas are more inclined to be utilized for breeding, showing, companionship and providers of fiber

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1
Q

old world camelids

A

ex: dromedary camel, Bactrian camels

used for transportation, meat, milk, fuel (fecal pellets), fiber, leather, racing

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2
Q

where do new world camelids originate from?

A

Peru, Bolivia, and Chile

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3
Q

what is the leading state in the US for alpaca registration?

A

Ohio

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4
Q

camelid repro is similar to equine in many ways:

A
  • comparable gestation length
  • diffuse (micro-cotyledonary) placenta
  • ability to breed back early post partum
  • rare term twinning
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5
Q

differences between camelids and equine:

A
  • induced ovulators
  • duration of copulation
  • follicular waves
  • non-seasonal breeding
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6
Q

male =

A

macho

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7
Q

female =

A

hembra

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8
Q

offspring =

A

cria

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9
Q

parturition =

A

“criation” or “unpacking”

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10
Q

sternal recumbency =

A

“cush” or “kush”

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11
Q

describe male prepuce.

A

triangular and non-pendulous. posterior orientation so they urinate backwards between legs. when sexually stimulation it points forward

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12
Q

describe penis

A
  • fibroelastic
  • pre-scrotal sigmoid flexure
  • has a cartilagenous process with a slight clockwise curvature allowing penetration of the cervix.
  • can ejaculate in both uterine horns!
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13
Q

which male has a penis the most similar to the camelid?

A

the boar

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14
Q

describe the orientation of the testis

A
  • vertical orientation
  • epididymis is small
  • tail of epididymis is caudo-dorsal
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15
Q

name the accessory sex glands present in the camelid (3). which one is missing?

A
  1. prostate
  2. bulbourethral glands
  3. small ampulla
    - -> No vesicular glands! <–
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16
Q

what 2 things are unique about the camelid uterus?

A
  1. it has a distinct septum with incomplete fusion.

2. they don’t recognize anything in the right horn.

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17
Q

what is unique about the camelid cervix?

A

it has an external os that protrudes into the vestibule. looks like a doughnut.
- has 2 to 3 spiraling ring-like structures

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18
Q

how long is the vagina in camelids?

A

15 - 25cm long

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19
Q

describe the mammary glands of the camelid:

A
  • has 4 glandular quarters composed of 2 distinct glands for a total of 8 separate glands total.
  • no anastomoses between glands
  • separate streak canal providing a distinct separation between left and right halves of the udder.
  • independent anterior and posterior quarters - no visible separation
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20
Q

describe the separation between left and right halves of hte udder

A

its a piece of fibroelastic tissue extending from the linea alba and prepubic tendon

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21
Q

when do mammary glands develop?

A

at the end of the first pregnancy

22
Q

how is puberty driven in male camelids?

A

drive by testosterone. levels are low until about 2 years of age

23
Q

when do females reach puberty?

A

ovarian activity begins around 10 months can successfully carry creas between 12 to 13 months

24
Q

how often do males undergo spermatogenesis in camelids?

A

it is a seasonal effect

25
Q

what developmental changes occur in the penis? (2)

A
  1. cartilaginous process develops with age

2. testosterone influence cause preputial adhesions to disappear by three years

26
Q

what is unique about the camelid estrous cycle?

A
  • there is no true estrous cycle!

- its not repeatable or predictable. there are few or no external signs that are seen in others.

27
Q

Peruvian breeding season is when?

A

december to march

28
Q

what are the follicular dynamics of the camelid?

A

there are distinct follicular waves, and follicles become atretic.
- they produce antral fluid which contains estradiol

29
Q

male mating behavior consists of:

A

like med students –> “the chase” and “courting”

30
Q

female breeding behavior when receptive:

A

submissive.

  • she will “cush”
  • females sit down near mating couples
31
Q

female breeding behavior when non-receptive:

A

they reject the male by: “spitting off,” running and screaming

32
Q

how long is copulation typically?

A

2 - 25 minutes (may take up to 70minutes)

33
Q

describe the type of ejaculation in camelids.

A

“dribble ejaculators”

  • once every minute
  • semen deposited into uterus
34
Q

what type of ovulators are camelids?

A

induced ovulators

35
Q

what stimulates females to induce ovulation? (3)

A
  1. orgling
  2. cervical stimulation.
  3. semen contains “ovulation inducing factor” (OIF) which triggers the release of LH.
36
Q

what is ovulation inducing factor?

A

it is a hormone in semen that stimulates release of LH from female pituitary gland

37
Q

most pregnancies occur in which horn of the camelid?

A

the left!

the fetus will remain in the left horn, the placenta will be in both.

38
Q

what produces progesterone needed throughout pregnancy?

A

the CL

39
Q

when does the blastocyst enter the uterus?

A

day 5 - 6

40
Q

what are the 5 ways to diagnose pregnancy?

A
  1. mating behavior (may yield false positives)
  2. plasma progesterone: 21 days post breeding. (also prone to false positives because we rely on a low number)
  3. transrectal palpation: > 35 days post breeding if you feel a fluid filled left horn, its highly suggestive of pregnancy. at 5-6 months, fetus is palpable.
  4. transrectal ultrasound: 12 - 16 days
  5. transabdominal ultrasound: 60 - 90 days
41
Q

what type of placentation do camelids have?

A

non-deciduate, epitheliochorial, diffuse (microcotyledonary)

42
Q

what is the length of gestation in alpacas and llamas?

A

335 - 360 days

43
Q

when does parturition occur?

A

between 6am and 1pm

44
Q

signs of impending parturition?

A

not really recognizable!

45
Q

Stage 1 of parurition in camelids

A

may isolate themselves and feel restless. will make frequent attempts to urinate.

46
Q

Stage 2: parturition

A

average 8 - 25 minutes

- deliver cria while standing

47
Q

Stage 3 of parturition

A

passes placenta within 2 hours of delivering cria.

if its been more than 24 hours, its considered retained.

48
Q

what is unique about the epidermal membrane in camelids?

A

it is often still attached to the cria’s mucosal membranes at birth. let it fall off on its own!

49
Q

describe the postpartum period in camelids

A
  • will have vulvar discharge present up to one week postpartum
  • normal lochia thick and pinkish or white
  • little “mothering” is normal
  • have rapid return to receptivity
50
Q

how many days postpartum can camelids be receptive to male?

A

4 days! pre-ovulatory follicle may be present

51
Q

what is the earliest time a camelid can breed postpartum? what are the 3 negatives?

A 
less than 15 days. but fertility rates will be variable. 
there will be:
1. incomplete luteal regression
2. incomplete uterine involution
3. irregular follicle development.
52
Q

when is uterine involution complete post partum in camelids?

A

15 to 20 days

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