Leukocytes

Question 1

granulocytes =

Answer 1

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Question 2

polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) usually refer to:

Answer 2

neutrophils

Question 3

granulocyte granules are composed of:

Answer 3

lysosomes containing hydrolytic enzymes and antibacterial agents

Question 4

at what developmental stage do primary granules appear?

Answer 4

late myeloblast/early promyelocyte stage

Question 5

at what stage do secondary granules appear?

Answer 5

myelocyte stage

Question 6

leukemia =

Answer 6

high leukocytes

Question 7

myeloperoxidase stain stains for:

Answer 7

primary granules

Question 8

when do neutrophil precursors stop undergoing mitosis?

Answer 8

at myelocytic stage (when indentation occurs)

Question 9

pathway of maturation for eosinophil

Answer 9

myelocyte –> metamyelocyte –> band –> mature eosinophil

Question 10

mononuclear leukocytes includes:

Answer 10

lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 11

granular lymphocytes are either _____ or ______

Answer 11

NK cells or cytotoxic T lymphocytes

Question 12

Which species tend to have high leukocytes?

Answer 12

pig,cat

Question 13

Which species tend to have low leukocytes?

Answer 13

Human, sheep, cow

Question 14

Most numerous leukocyte cell type in dogs, cats, horses

Answer 14

neutrophils

Question 15

most numerous leukocyte cell type in pigs, ruminants, rodents

Answer 15

lymphocytes

Question 16

T or F: monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils are typically present in blood from normal mammals

Answer 16

T

Question 17

How do concentrations of neutrophils and lymphocytes change IMMEDIATELY after birth?

Answer 17

neutrophils increase, lymphocytes decrease. Later on, neutrophils decrease and lymphocytes increase

Question 18

Why do neutrophils spike after birth?

Answer 18

they are released from the bone marrow post-partum

Question 19

what happens to neutrophils that don’t come across an activated endothelial cell?

Answer 19

apoptosis within a few days of not being activated

Question 20

Epinephrine/exercise –> circulating neutrophils

Answer 20

increases

Question 21

Which survives longer in the blood: basophils or eosinophils?

Answer 21

eosinophils

Question 22

What do monocytes develop into?

Answer 22

macrophages and dendritic cells

Question 23

where are the marginating pools for monocytes and lymphocytes located?

Answer 23

lung capillaries

Question 24

most lymphocytes located in:

Answer 24

lymphoid organs

Question 25

most lymphocytes circulating in the blood are:

Answer 25

naive T and B lymphocytes

Question 26

Rank from most to least common in the blood: T cells, B cells, NK cells

Answer 26

T cells > B cells > NK cells

Question 27

memory lymphocytes

Answer 27

lymphocytes that have seen Ag. They are more likely than naive lymphocytes to migrate back to where they've seen an Ag in the past

Question 28

What do lymphocytes bind to?

Answer 28

High endothelial venules (HEVs) in lymphoid organs or activated endothelial cells

Question 29

Which has longest and shortest lifespans among T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocyes, and NK cells?

Answer 29

T-lymphocytes have longest lifespan, NK cells shortest lifespan

Question 30

haptotaxis

Answer 30

directional motility or outgrowth of cells, usually in the direction of chemoattractants. Neutrophils utilize this to migrate through tissues and destroy invading bacteria

Question 31

chemotaxis

Answer 31

a chemically prompted taxis, in which somatic cells, bacteria, and other single-cell or multicellular organisms direct their movements according to certain chemicals in their environment.

Question 32

surface charge of neutrophils

Answer 32

negative

Question 33

PAF =

Answer 33

platelet activating factor

Question 34

3 things that activate endothelial cells to chemoattract neutrophils

Answer 34

thrombin (via coagulation) histamine (via mast cells) TNF/IL1 (via inflammation)

Question 35

What happens when an endothelial cell is activated?

Answer 35

selectins and ICAM are upregulated on the surface of the cell, which upregulates adhesion and chemoattraction of neutrophils flowing by. Firm adhesion is achieved with integrin activation and binding, which is tighter than selectin binding.

Question 36

Result of integrin deficiency

Answer 36

high white count in blood because neuts can't migrate out through endothelial cells

Question 37

do leukocytes adhere to the surface of arteries?

Answer 37

No, only veins

Question 38

G-CSF and GM-CSF

Answer 38

growth factors for neutrophils in the tissues. Stimulate proper neutrophil function throughout life of the cell

Question 39

chemoattractants for neutrophils

Answer 39

IL8, C5a, PAF, B4, bacterial products recognized by Toll-like receptors

Question 40

myeloperoxidase

Answer 40

released into a phagosome to kill bacteria. Enhances H2O2 killing

Question 41

nonenzymatic molecules in granules

Answer 41

lactoferrin (binds Fe), cationic proteins and peptides including defensins which are inserted in lipid bilayer

Question 42

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETS)

Answer 42

released by neutrophils. Contain proteins from granules that kill microbes without phagocytosis

Question 43

eosinophils mainly found where? what is their fx?

Answer 43

GI mucosa. Defense against helminths. POOR defense against bacteria/viruses. Produce type 2 cytokine-induced inflammation

Question 44

What do type 2 helper T lymphocytes recruit/activate?

Answer 44

B lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells