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Undeleted > Leukocytes > Flashcards

Leukocytes Flashcards

1
Q

granulocytes =

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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2
Q

polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) usually refer to:

A

neutrophils

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3
Q

granulocyte granules are composed of:

A

lysosomes containing hydrolytic enzymes and antibacterial agents

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4
Q

at what developmental stage do primary granules appear?

A

late myeloblast/early promyelocyte stage

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5
Q

at what stage do secondary granules appear?

A

myelocyte stage

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6
Q

leukemia =

A

high leukocytes

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7
Q

myeloperoxidase stain stains for:

A

primary granules

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8
Q

when do neutrophil precursors stop undergoing mitosis?

A

at myelocytic stage (when indentation occurs)

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9
Q

pathway of maturation for eosinophil

A

myelocyte –> metamyelocyte –> band –> mature eosinophil

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10
Q

mononuclear leukocytes includes:

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

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11
Q

granular lymphocytes are either _____ or ______

A

NK cells or cytotoxic T lymphocytes

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12
Q

Which species tend to have high leukocytes?

A

pig,cat

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13
Q

Which species tend to have low leukocytes?

A

Human, sheep, cow

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14
Q

Most numerous leukocyte cell type in dogs, cats, horses

A

neutrophils

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15
Q

most numerous leukocyte cell type in pigs, ruminants, rodents

A

lymphocytes

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16
Q

T or F: monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils are typically present in blood from normal mammals

A

T

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17
Q

How do concentrations of neutrophils and lymphocytes change IMMEDIATELY after birth?

A

neutrophils increase, lymphocytes decrease. Later on, neutrophils decrease and lymphocytes increase

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18
Q

Why do neutrophils spike after birth?

A

they are released from the bone marrow post-partum

19
Q

what happens to neutrophils that don’t come across an activated endothelial cell?

A

apoptosis within a few days of not being activated

20
Q

Epinephrine/exercise –> circulating neutrophils

A

increases

21
Q

Which survives longer in the blood: basophils or eosinophils?

A

eosinophils

22
Q

What do monocytes develop into?

A

macrophages and dendritic cells

23
Q

where are the marginating pools for monocytes and lymphocytes located?

A

lung capillaries

24
Q

most lymphocytes located in:

A

lymphoid organs

25
Q

most lymphocytes circulating in the blood are:

A

naive T and B lymphocytes

26
Q

Rank from most to least common in the blood: T cells, B cells, NK cells

A

T cells > B cells > NK cells

27
Q

memory lymphocytes

A

lymphocytes that have seen Ag. They are more likely than naive lymphocytes to migrate back to where they’ve seen an Ag in the past

28
Q

What do lymphocytes bind to?

A

High endothelial venules (HEVs) in lymphoid organs or activated endothelial cells

29
Q

Which has longest and shortest lifespans among T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocyes, and NK cells?

A

T-lymphocytes have longest lifespan, NK cells shortest lifespan

30
Q

haptotaxis

A

directional motility or outgrowth of cells, usually in the direction of chemoattractants. Neutrophils utilize this to migrate through tissues and destroy invading bacteria

31
Q

chemotaxis

A

a chemically prompted taxis, in which somatic cells, bacteria, and other single-cell or multicellular organisms direct their movements according to certain chemicals in their environment.

32
Q

surface charge of neutrophils

A

negative

33
Q

PAF =

A

platelet activating factor

34
Q

3 things that activate endothelial cells to chemoattract neutrophils

A

thrombin (via coagulation)
histamine (via mast cells)
TNF/IL1 (via inflammation)

35
Q

What happens when an endothelial cell is activated?

A

selectins and ICAM are upregulated on the surface of the cell, which upregulates adhesion and chemoattraction of neutrophils flowing by. Firm adhesion is achieved with integrin activation and binding, which is tighter than selectin binding.

36
Q

Result of integrin deficiency

A

high white count in blood because neuts can’t migrate out through endothelial cells

37
Q

do leukocytes adhere to the surface of arteries?

A

No, only veins

38
Q

G-CSF and GM-CSF

A

growth factors for neutrophils in the tissues. Stimulate proper neutrophil function throughout life of the cell

39
Q

chemoattractants for neutrophils

A

IL8, C5a, PAF, B4, bacterial products recognized by Toll-like receptors

40
Q

myeloperoxidase

A

released into a phagosome to kill bacteria. Enhances H2O2 killing

41
Q

nonenzymatic molecules in granules

A

lactoferrin (binds Fe), cationic proteins and peptides including defensins which are inserted in lipid bilayer

42
Q

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETS)

A

released by neutrophils. Contain proteins from granules that kill microbes without phagocytosis

43
Q

eosinophils mainly found where? what is their fx?

A

GI mucosa. Defense against helminths. POOR defense against bacteria/viruses. Produce type 2 cytokine-induced inflammation

44
Q

What do type 2 helper T lymphocytes recruit/activate?

A

B lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells

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