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Undeleted > Plasma Proteins > Flashcards

Plasma Proteins Flashcards

0
Q

leukocytes =

A

white blood cells

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1
Q

erythrocyes =

A

red blood cells

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2
Q

fx of erythrocytes

A

oxygen and CO2 transport and H+ binding

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4
Q

fx of leukocytes (2)

A

1) phagocytosis and killing of microbes

2) cellular and humoral immunity

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5
Q

4 functions of plasma

A

1) transport of nutrients
2) transport of by-products and waste
3) transportation of cells
4) maintain homeostasis (pH, temp, etc.)

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6
Q

fx of platelets

A

hemostasis. Inflammation to a lesser extent. Have filopodia when activated

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7
Q

Which animals normally have colorless plasma?

A

dogs, cats, pigs and sheep

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8
Q

Which animals have the highest percentage blood volume as a percent of body weight? Lowest?

A

Highest –> “hot-blood horses”, animals with large spleens, very young animals
Lowest –> pigs (due to large fat content)Col

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9
Q

Which animals normally have straw-colored plasma? Why?

A

Horses and cattle. Bilirubin and carotenoids cause color change

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10
Q

What can happen to plasma appearance postprandial?

A

Become lipemic

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11
Q

Plasma vs. serum

A

Plasma –> fluid in which blood cells circulate

Serum –> fluid obtained following centrifugation if blood is collected without anticoagulant and allowed to clot

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12
Q

Plasma protein concentrations higher or lower at birth?

A

lower

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13
Q

Total dissolved solids present in solution is proportional to?

A

The bending (refraction) of light as it passes through the sample

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14
Q

2 main classes of plasma proteins

A

1) albumin

2) globulins (all others that are not albumin)

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15
Q

What cell has lowest concentration on blood?

A

white blood cells (except for dog

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16
Q

Order platelets, RBCs and WBCs by order of greatest number in blood

A

RBCs > # platelets > # WBCs

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17
Q

Most common plasma protein

A

albumin

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18
Q

3 types of globulins

A

alpha, beta, gamma

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19
Q

Most common type of white blood cell in blood?

A

neutrophils

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20
Q

Which blood cells are nucleated in mammals?

A

white blood cells only

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21
Q

Which blood cells are nucleated in non-mammals?

A

All blood cells (including RBCs, WBCs, platelets)

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22
Q

About what percentage of blood is plasma?

A

55%

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23
Q

Specific protein components of serum

A

Albumin, globulins

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24
Q

Specific protein components of plasma

A

Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

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25
Q

Composition of plasma

A

water, salts, proteins, hormones, metabolites, etc.

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26
Q

Cold vs. hot blooded horses

A

Cold –> draft horses (have lower blood volume)

Hot –> i.e. race horses (have higher blood volume)

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27
Q

What is the most dense blood cell type?

A

RBC

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28
Q

What does buffy coat contain in microhematocrit tube?

A

leukocytes, platelets

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29
Q

Do mammals or reptiles have a higher mean packed cell volume?

A

Mammals

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30
Q

How do greyhounds compare to other dogs in regards to mean HCT?

A

They have a high HCT (54% vs. 45% for normal dogs)

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31
Q

What does a large buffy coat usually indicate?

A

high leukocytes

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32
Q

What does low/no buffy usually indicate?

A

low white cell count (leukopenia)

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33
Q

lipemia

A

high lipid in the blood

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34
Q

icterus index

A

compares the amt. of bilirubin in the blood as determined by comparing the color of a sample of test serum with a set of color standards

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35
Q

What makes plasma yellow?

A

bilirubin

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36
Q

hemolysis

A

destruction of red blood cells

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37
Q

hyperbilirubemia

A

high bilirubin lvl in blood

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38
Q

How does fasting effect plasma color?

A

makes plasma more yellow because of increased bilirubin

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39
Q

least dense glycoprotein

A

chylomicron. Can build up in lipemia and cause a top white lipid layer in HCT tube

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40
Q

Collective properties of serum and plasma

A

1) Transport (nutrients, hormones, waste, drugs)
2) Colloid osmotic effects
3) acid-bas
4) immunity
5) hemostasis

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41
Q

How does EDTA work as an anticoagulant?

A

Binds Ca that’s needed for coagulation

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42
Q

Are coagulant factors still present in uncoagulated blood?

A

Yes

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43
Q

What cells are present in a blood clot?

A

platelets, coagulant factors, RBCs, (WBCs??)

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44
Q

What protein is most common in blood clot?

A

fibrinogen (coagulant factor I)

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45
Q

Why is protein content lower in serum than plasma?

A

Fibrinogen has been removed

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46
Q

What does serum LACK that plasma has?

A

fibrinogen and platelets

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47
Q

colloid osmotic effect

A

tendency of protein to pull water towards it (osmotic pressure of proteins)

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48
Q

hemostasis

A

stop bleeding

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49
Q

TPP =

A

total plasma protein

50
Q

neonate vs. adult TPP concentrations?

A

Neonate 4-6 g/dL (increases with collostrum and weaning)

Adult 6-8 g/dL

51
Q

What does a refractometer measure?

A

solids (mainly protein) content by looking at how much light is bent

52
Q

How do you calculate total globulins?

A

Total protein - albumin

53
Q

In electrophoresis, proteins are loaded in which pole and move to which pole? Which protein usually travels the farthest?

A

Move towards the positive pole. Albumin moves furthest because it is small and negatively charged

54
Q

Does albumin contain a lot or a little of carbohydrate?

A

little (small peak on carbohydrate stain)

55
Q

Which stain (protein, carb, or lipid) has the least separation?

A

lipid

56
Q

Most important protein in regulating osmotic pressure? Why?

A

Albumin. It comprises half the total protein content in blood and is a small molecule, therefore there are a lot of albumin molecules in blood. Osmotic pressure is most influenced by the number of molecules present, so albumin has a great effect.

57
Q

What does albumin transport? (6)

A

1) organic and inorganic substances
2) cations (most Ca++)
3) metabolites
4) hormones
5) poorly soluble drugs
6) toxic substances

58
Q

hypoalbuminemia

A

low albumin in the blood

59
Q

ascites

A

accumulation of fluid in the abdomen. Due to low albumin caused by damaged liver, which normally produces plasma proteins. Also leads to overload of iron in liver

60
Q

alpha1-acid glycoprotein fx (1)

A

binds drugs

61
Q

alpha1-protease inhibitor (alpha1-antitrypsin) fx (3)

A

1) inhibits proteases released during inflammation
2) inhibits certain coagulation factors
3) inhibits digestive enzymes

62
Q

alpha2-macroglobulin fx (3)

A

1) inhibits proteases released during inflammation
2) inhibits pancreatic proteolytic enzymes
3) inhibits certain coagulation factors

63
Q

Antithrombin fx (1)

A

1) inhibits thrombin/other coagulation factors

* requires GAGs (i.e. heparin) for optimal activity*

64
Q

Ceruloplasmin fx (3)

A

1) transports copper
2) plasma antioxidant
3) facilitates oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric iron

65
Q

Transferrin fx

A

1) Binds and transports iron

* Correlates with TIBC* (more transferrin = greater ability to bind/transport iron)

66
Q

TIBC

A

Total iron-binding capacity

67
Q

Ferritin

A

contains iron and correlates with total body iron stores. Low concentrations in plasma

68
Q

Haptoglobin fx (3)

A

1) binds plasma Hb
2) prevents loss of free Hb
3) Antioxidant

69
Q

A positive acute phase protein and example

A

protein that increases conc. with inflammation. Ex: haptoglobin

70
Q

What region do hormone binding proteins typically migrate on electrophoresis? What do they bind?

A

Alpha region. Bind small MW hormones and prevent them from being rapidly filtered by the kidney

71
Q

Fibrinogen fx

A

scaffolding for inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells (allows for optimal platelet formation)

72
Q

Aggregation vs. adhesion

A 
Aggregation = platelets binding eachother
Adhesion = platelets binding something else
73
Q

Precursor to fibrin

A

fibrinogen

74
Q

Fibrinogen on electrophoresis

A

between beta and gamma region

75
Q

IgG on electrophoresis

A

mostly in gamma region

76
Q

IgM on electrophoresis

A

in both beta and gamma regions

77
Q

IgA on electrophoresis

A

mostly in beta region

78
Q

How does IgG change before and after birth?

A

Only present after intake of collostrum. Then slowly declines until offspring’s immune system takes over and starts producing it’s own IgG

79
Q

Polyclonal hyperglobulinemia is characterized by:

A

Multiple blood proteins elevated

80
Q

Monoclonal hyperglobulinemia is char. by:

A

a single blood protein is elevated

81
Q

Cause of monoclonal hyperglobulinemia

A

neoplastic plasma cells in bone marrow that are producing a single protein

82
Q

glycoprotein

A

protein containing significant amounts of carbohydrates

83
Q

Where are lipoproteins synthesized?

A

GI and liver

84
Q

lipoprotein fx

A

transport of water insoluble lipids in blood

85
Q

What is the protein component in lipoprotein known as?

A

Apoliprotein

86
Q

2 components of lipoproteins

A

1) High MW water miscible lipids
2) apolipoproteins

Form pseudomicellar particles

87
Q

HDL =

A

High density lipoprotein

88
Q

LDL =

A

low density lipoprotein

89
Q

VLDL =

A

very low density lipoprotein

90
Q

high concentration of phospholipid –> density of lipoprotein

A

increases

91
Q

high concentration of triglyceride –> density of lipoprotein

A

decreases

92
Q

high conc. of protein –> density of lipoprotein

A

increases

93
Q

What do chylomicrons have a higher concentration of compared to other lipoproteins?

A

Triglycerides (this is why they are the least dense)

94
Q

Where are chylomicrons formed?

A

Duodenum and jejunum following digestion of fat.

95
Q

Chylomicron fx

A

transport dietary lipids

96
Q

VLDL fx

A

transport hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol

97
Q

LDL fx

A

transport cholesterol to tissue (“bad cholesterol”)

98
Q

HDL fx

A

transport cholesterol out of tissue back to liver (“good cholesterol”)

99
Q

Relationship between size and density of lipoproteins

A

Inverse relationship. As size increases, density decreases. Chylomicrons have the greatest size but lowest density (HDL the reverse)

100
Q

In which species are chylomicrons absent?

A

herbivores (due to low fat diet)

101
Q

How do chylomicrons enter circulation?

A

thoracic duct

102
Q

lipoprotein lipase fx

A

hydrolyzes triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol in capillary beds

103
Q

Postprandial lipemia

A

white cloudy plasma because of chylomicronemia after eating

104
Q

How are chylomicrons hydrolyzed?

A

Via lipoprotein lipase. Have a short half life

105
Q

Where are VLDLs synthesized?

A

liver, intestine

106
Q

What are most VLDLs transformed into when degraded?

A

LDLs

107
Q

Evidence of VLDL in HCT tube

A

plasma remains milky

108
Q

Major mechanism by which cholesterol is transported to peripheral tissues

A

LDLs

109
Q

fx of cholesterol in tissues

A

1) component of cell membranes

2) formation of steroid hormones

110
Q

Most dense lipoproteins

A

HDLs

111
Q

Where are HDL precursors formed?

A

liver

112
Q

Where is HDL formed?

A

plasma

113
Q

reverse cholesterol transport

A

process by which HDL transports cholesterol from tissue back to liver

114
Q

Why is atherosclerosis common in humans but rare in domestic animals?

A

Domestic animals have a higher concentration of HDLs than humans

115
Q

Why do cats have naturally high HDLs?

A

They are adapted to eating a high fat diet

116
Q

% blood volume in very young animals

A

> 10%

117
Q

% blood volume in hot blooded horses

A

10-11%

118
Q

% blood volume in cold blooded horses, cats, and rodents

A

6-7%

119
Q

% blood volume in dogs

A

8-9%

120
Q

% blood volume in pigs

A

5-6%

121
Q

platelets =

A

thrombocytes (thrombocytes is the older term)

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