Lecture 1: Intro and Overview (Freeman)

Question 0

Why does the food chain have a pyramid shape?

Answer 0

At each section on the way up, there is an energy loss and by the time you get to the top, there is so much energy lost that only a few individuals can be supported
-only about 10% of the energy is transferred up at each lvl

Question 1

Compare the basic anatomy of ruminant vs. camelid vs. equine vs. carnivore vs. omnivore GI tract

Answer 1

• Ruminants have well developed forestomachs and hindgut
• Camelids have a 3 compartment stomach, similar to ruminants
• Equines are similar to monogastric pattern, except they also have well developed hind guts
• Carnivores and omnivores have simple monogastric pattern

Question 2

Why is prey selection important?

Answer 2

predators pick the prey based on “most bang for their buck”
i.e. - lions would have to expend a lot of energy to kill one mouse, and to kill enough mice to make up for the energy needed to kill one zebra

Question 3

autotrophs vs. heterotrophs

Answer 3

autotrophs produce their own food, while heterotrophs consume their food from a preferred source

Question 4

Where in GI tract are soluble and insoluble nutrients digested in the horse?

Answer 4

soluble nutrients are digested in stomach, small intestine; insoluble nutrients are digested in hindgut (colon, cecum) via symbiotic bacteria

Question 5

main contribution of cheek teeth to digestion

Answer 5

mastication

Question 6

main contribution of pharynx and esophagus to digestion

Answer 6

degluttination

Question 7

main contribution of parotid gland to digestion

Answer 7

lubrication

Question 8

main contribution of pancreas to digestion

Answer 8

secretion of digestive enzymes

Question 9

main contributions of liver to digestion

Answer 9

digestion of fat via secretion of bile salts and bicarbonate

Question 10

main contributions of stomach to digestion

Answer 10

Acid and peptic digestion of protein, secretion of regulatory peptides
where food is broken down into smaller particles that can be digested

Question 11

main contributions of small intestine to digestion

Answer 11

• digestion of fats sugars, proteins
• absorption of fats, sugars, peptides, amino acids, bile salts, vitamins, minerals
• regulatory peptides
• secretion
• most important site for absorption*

Question 12

main contributions of large intestine to digestion

Answer 12

• microbial fermentation
• absorption of salt, water, volatile fatty acids
• secretion
• where bacteria primarily contribute to digestive process*

Question 13

What is “prehension”?

Answer 13

the process of taking up food and breaking it down (involves lips as well as teeth)

Question 14

describe equine mastication

Answer 14

grind food material from side to side to break down into smaller swallowable parts
-can create sharp edges which need to be filed down

Question 15

what is considered the “true stomach” in cattle?

Answer 15

abomasum

Question 16

Why are horses most prone to gastric ulcers?

Answer 16

they have a large nonglandular area in their stomach that is not protected from acid secretions

Question 17

T or F: cardiac, fundic, and pyloric parts of the stomach are all glandular

Answer 17

T

Question 18

T or F: horses don’t have gall bladders. Why?

Answer 18

T. They have continuous secretion of bile due to their constant grazing habits

Question 19

which animals have a gall bladder but have almost continuous secretion of bile?

Answer 19

ruminants and pigs

Question 20

which animals have a gall bladder and don’t have continuous secretion of bile?

Answer 20

dogs and cats

Question 21

what relaxes the gall bladder sphincter of Oddi to allow secretion of bile after a meal?

Answer 21

CCK

Question 22

Kleiber’s law

Answer 22

larger animals need to eat less food per unit of body weight than smaller animals

Question 23

cecotrophy

Answer 23

digestive strategy used by rabbits. Two types of feces are produced; one type is high in protein synthesized by cecal microbes. The rabbit consumes this feces to reabsorb protein

Question 24

T of F: the large intestine has no villi

Answer 24

T. No surface digestion or absorption of fats, sugars, and protein products occurs in the large intestine