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Undeleted > Lecture 12: Parturition (Kelleman) > Flashcards

Lecture 12: Parturition (Kelleman) Flashcards

1
Q

Clicker Q: Which of the following are polyestrus and thus have repeated estrous cycles throughout the entire year? A’s: Queens, mares, bitches, cows, or wes

A

Ewes

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2
Q

Clicker Q: Is progesterone high or low in diestrus?

A

high

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3
Q

Clicker Q: Melatonin suppresses GnRH in which animal?

A

Mares

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4
Q

Clicker Q: Luteinizing hormone (LH) causes:

A

ovulation

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5
Q

Ferguson Reflex

A

Neuro-endocrine loop causing oxytocin release

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6
Q

Main hormone for maintaining pregnancy

A

progesterone

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7
Q

cervical closure fx. Maintained by which hormone?

A

Keeps contents from falling out and infection from getting in during preg. Progesterone

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8
Q

Where is progesterone produced?

A

CL and placenta

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9
Q

Which species have high progesterone throughout most of pregnancy?

A

ewe, sow, cow. Decreases in late-gestastion with estradiol peak

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10
Q

rising estradiol –> progesterone

A

decreases

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11
Q

HPA axis stands for

A

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

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12
Q

Activation of fetal HPA axis increases what 3 hormones

A

1) Corticotrpoin releasing hormone (CRH)
2) Adrenocorticotropin Hormone (ACTH)
3) Cortisol***

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13
Q

Types of fetal stress

A

hypoxia, overcrowding, nutritional compromise

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14
Q

Fetal HPA axis:

Name the 3 organs involved

A

hypothalamus –> anterior pituitary –> adrenal gland (cortex)

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15
Q

Fetal HPA axis:

what hormone is released by the hypothalamus to stimulate the anterior pituitary?

A

CRF

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16
Q

what hormone is released by the anterior pituitary to stimulate the adrenal gland?

A

ACTH

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17
Q

Name the 3 functions of cortisol on the fetus:

A
  1. induce enzymatic changes in the placenta ie “communicates” with mom
  2. promotes prostaglandin synthesis
  3. fetal maturation
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18
Q

main action of progsterone

A

“pro-gestational”

“hormone of pregnancy”

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19
Q

main function of estrogen

A

increased uterine “responsiveness”

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20
Q

main function of PGF2-alpha

A

luteolysis and contractions

21
Q

main function of oxytocin

A

contractions

22
Q

main function of relaxin

A

genital tract softening

23
Q

Upon stimulation, what hormone can progesterone be converted to?

A

estradiol

24
Q

what hormone induces placental enzymes which convert progesterone to estradiol?

A

fetal cortisol

25
Q

what hormone is progesterone converted to before its final conversion to estradiol?

A

testosterone

progesterone –> testosterone –> estradiol
21 carbons –> 19 carbons –> 18 carbons

26
Q

3 ways in which progesterone falls

A

1: enzymatic - fetal cortisol induces placental conversion of progesterone to estrogen
2: luteolysis - via PGF2-alpha and uterine contractions
3: removal of “progesterone block” (keeps fetus quiet during gestation)

27
Q

“progesterone block”

A
  • keeps fetus quiet during gestation
  • during the removal of the “progesterone block” cortisol release induces progesterone to estrogen thereby decreasing progesterone and increasing estrogen.
28
Q

what way can estrogen can be increased (during parturition)

A

enzymatic - fetal cortisol induces placental conversion of progesterone to estrogen

29
Q

what are the three functions of estrogen?

A
  1. increases uterine sensitivity to oxytocin
  2. increases lubrication and sofening
  3. promotes release of PGF2-alpha
30
Q

2 main functions of prostaglandin in parturition

A
  1. causes luteolysis if CL is still present

2. will cause uterine (myometrial) contractions

31
Q

what is the main function of oxytocin

A

myometrial contractions

these contractions can subsequently promote more oxytocin and PGF2-alpha release.

32
Q

what is the main function of relaxin in parturition?

A

encourages pelvic, genital tract and cervical softening to facilitate parturition

  • this can be externally assessed as parturition nears: vulva, perineum and pelvic ligaments
33
Q

The Ferguson reflex

A

the sensation of distension of the cervix, uterus and vagina by the fetus results in a neuroendocrine reflex which causes the release of oxytocin (from posterior pituitary).

oxytocin causes uterine contractions resulting in further distension, which increases oxytocin, causing further distension and contraction and so on…..

34
Q

Name the 3 stages of parturition

A

Stage I: “preparation”
Stage II: fetal expulsion with “true labor”
Stage III: expulsion of the fetal membranes

35
Q

what happens in stage I of parurition

A
  • cervical dilation, myometrial contractions, some fetal positioning
  • behavior: nest building behaviors in dog & cat. cattle and sheep isolate themselves. mare shows colic-like signs (poor appetite and restlessness)
36
Q

what happens in stage II of parturition

A

start: rupture of the chorioallantois
finish: complete expulsion of the fetus
- myometrial and abdominal contractions.

  1. chorioallantois breaks (1st fluid expulsion).
  2. fetus is seen within the amnion. amnion breaks and amniotic fluid is released (2nd fluid expulsion).
37
Q

Stage III of parturition

A

expulsion of fetal membranes

in species that are polytocus (more than one fetus), phase II and phase III often follow each other with each fetal passage.
- mom experiences vasoconstriction and inflammation

38
Q

typical position of fetus upon actual parturition

A

anterior, dorsosacral, forelimbs extended.

39
Q

species variability in length of each stage of parturition

general - no specific numbers

A

cow - slow
heifer - even slower

horse - fast, “explosive”

40
Q

define: Lochia

A

the normal fluid which is passed from the uterus during the purerperium. it consists of cellular (RBC, WBC, bits of tissue, etc) and noncellular debris (fetal fluids, lysed blood, mucus, etc).
- time varies by species
minimal odor!

41
Q

type of contractions throughout parturition

A

uterine myometrial (smooth muscle) contractions

abdominal contractions:

  • straining against closed glottis
  • additive with smooth muscle contractions
42
Q

time from fetal delivery until complete uterine involution is defined as:

A

Puerperium

43
Q

Complete Uterine Involution varies by species. cow? mare? bitch?

A

uterine involution = transformation from pregnant to non-pregnant state

mare = ~ 2 weeks
cow = 1 - 1.5 months
bitch = about 2 months or more
44
Q

Retained Fetal Membranes (RFM)

A

aka “retained placenta” - when placenta is not expelled in its entirety within a given time for each species.

  • incomplete expulsion
  • autolysis (rotting)
  • minor to serious health problems may result depending upon species
  • involution is delayed by RFM
45
Q

dystocia

A

“difficult birth”

46
Q

Equine RFM is how much time after fetal delivery?

A

3 hours - considered a true emergency - potentially life threatening

47
Q

Bovine RFM - how much time after fetal delivery?

A

> 12 hours

48
Q

General parturition summary

A
  1. Fetal HPA activation
  2. decreased Progesterone
  3. increased estrogen
  4. increased oxytocin and PGF2-alpha
    relative uterine quiescence changes to dramatic uterine activation!

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