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Czech > Pravidla > Flashcards

Pravidla Flashcards

1
Q

Č, ď, ň, ř, š, ť, ž, c, j

A

Soft consonants

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2
Q

B, p, m, v, f (the labials, formed with the lips), and l, s, z.

A

Ambivalent consonants

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3
Q

After soft consonants the ‘i’ vowel is normally spelt with i.

The letter ‘y’ only follows hard consonants and occasionally c.

Ambivalent consonants b, p, m, v, f and l, s, z are followed by either.

A

…

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4
Q

Ě

A

Softens the preceding consonant

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5
Q

i/í

A

Softens preceding d, t, n

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6
Q

Any of these paired consonants are immediately next to one another, they share the same voice quality, the quality takes its cue from the second consonant in the sequence.

A

Včera [fčera], těžký [ťeškí], lehký [lechkí], sladký [sladkí], Zuzka [Zuska]

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7
Q

Voiced v has no effect on preceding consonants

A

Svůj, svoje, tvůj, tvoje

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8
Q

Voiced consonants also typically devoice when they come at the of a word, before a pause

A

Hrad [hrat], sníh [sňích], už [uš], krev [kref]

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9
Q

Masculine nouns

A

Most nouns ending in a consonant eg. Hrad, kufr, vlak, stroj, čaj

Some ending in a soft or ambivalent consonant are feminine eg píseň, tramvaj

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10
Q

Feminine consonants

A

Most nouns ending in -a or -e or the suffix -ost eg voda, lekce, radost

[a few ending in -e are neuter eg. Moře, pole]

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11
Q

Neuter

A

Most nouns ending in -o or -í eg město, auto, stavení, náměstí

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12
Q

Dictionaries often give the genitive singular to mark the declension type (soft or hard)

A

Eg. Žena -y

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13
Q

The locative often denotes a fixed location and is only used after prepositions

A

The dative and locative singular endings are often the same

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14
Q

The genitive singular as a marker of declension

A

Typical hard types have genitive singular -a (masculine animate or neuter), -u (masculine inanimate) or -y (feminine)

The most typical soft types have genitive singular -e

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15
Q

Pohybné e

A

Fleeting e

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16
Q

Vowel shortening

A

Mráz - mrazu

Dům - domu

Stůl - stolu

Also

Vítr - větru

Sníh - sněhu

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17
Q

Type muž -e

A

Masculine animates ending in soft consonants (c, č, ď, j, ň, ř, š, ť, ž) eg. Otec - otce, novinář -e; those ending in -tel eg učitel -e, překladatel -e

A few others ending in ambivalent consonants eg. Král -e

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18
Q

Type soudce

A

-e

Průvodce, správce, vůdce

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19
Q

Stroj -e

A 
Konec, konce
Klíč -e
Stroj -e
Čaj -e
Pytel -tle
Zřetel -e (viewpoint)
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20
Q

Feminine

Růže -e

A

Ulice, duše, země, přítelkyně

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21
Q

Feminine

Píseň - sně

A

Tramvaj -e

Skříň -ně

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22
Q

Feminine nouns

Kost -i

A

Radost -i

Část -i

Moc -i

Noc -i

Sůl -i

Myš -i

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23
Q

Neuter type

Moře

-e

A

Pole, srdce

-iště

24
Q

Neuter type

Kuře -ete

A

Nouns for the young of animals ending in -e

Eg. Kotě, štěne, also děvče

A few others ending in -e eg. Rajče

25
Q

Stavení -í

A

Náměstí

Překvapení

Vzdělaní

26
Q
  1. Pád - kdo, co
  2. Pád - koho, čeho
  3. Pád - komu, čemu
  4. Pád - co, koho
  5. Pád - voláme
  6. Pád - kom, čem
  7. Pád - kým, čým
A

…

27
Q

Masculine animate adjectives only differ from inanimate ones in the accusative singular and the nominative plural

A

…

28
Q

Plural cases of adjectives do not distinguish between genders, except in the nominative/accusative forms

A

…

29
Q

Zvenčí / zvenku

A

From outside

30
Q

Zevnitř

A

From inside

31
Q

Shora / seshora / odshora

A

From above

32
Q

Zdola / zezdola / odzdola

A

From below

33
Q

Z domova

A

From home

34
Q

Pomalý - pomalu

Rychlý - rychle

Pozdní - pozdě

A

…

35
Q

Vroucí - vroucně

A

Fervent - Fervently

adjectives ending in -cí based on present participles sometimes form adverbs in -ně.

36
Q

Proč mi vykáš?

A

Všichni mu tykají.

37
Q

Oni is regularly used as a subject pronoun for all genders in the everyday spoken language

A

But in standard written Czech:

Oni byli

Ony byly

Ona byla

38
Q

Z mojí (mé) sestry

A

Druhý pád

39
Q

Z naší sestry

A

Druhý pád

40
Q

Moji (mou), naši sestru

A

4 acc.

41
Q

Mojí (mé), naší sestře

A

3 dative

42
Q

Mého, našeho bratra

A
  1. Gen
43
Q

o mojí (mé), naší sestře

A

6 loc.

44
Q

Mým, naším bratrem

A

7 ins.

45
Q

mojí (mou), naší sestrou

A

7 ins.

46
Q

Certain verbs, especially reflexive verbs, are followed by the genitive case, where an English speaker might expect the accusative:

A

Eg. Bál se trestu

Všimli si jeho strachu

Zeptal se Jany, kde je Karel.

47
Q

Verb + genitive

A

Váží si jejího názoru.

Dosáhla vysokého věku.

Dosáhli velmi dobrých výsledku.

48
Q

Verb + genitive

A

Užili vhodného okamžiku.

They took advantage of a suitable moment.

Užila (si) pěkného počasí.

49
Q

Sometimes the genitive expressed “some”, a notable quantity of:

A

Ta dostala dárků.

Tady je lidí!

50
Q

In fixed phrases after a negative verb the genitive occasionally denotes “not any”. Usually confined to idioms in present-day speech:

A

Neřekl ani slova/slovo

Není divu

51
Q

Verb + dative

A

Pomáháme Honzovi.

Věříme tátovi.

52
Q

Verb + instrumental

A

Chlubil se svými známostmi.

Mávl rukou.

Pokrčil rameny.

Hodil po něm kamenem. - he threw a stone at him / he used a stone to throw at him.

But hodil knihu na stůl.

53
Q

Na in the sense of “for (a purpose)” or “onto” + accusative

A

Čekám na Věru, na Milana

Dávám oběd na stůl (acc = nom)

Přes meaning “across, despite”

Most přes řeku

54
Q

Na as on or onto

When na means location “on” it takes the locative, but when it means “onto” with motion, it takes the accusative.

A

Kníha leží na stole.

Dávám kníhu na stůl.

55
Q

For in and into you normally use two different prepositions.

A

Marta je v Brně

Marta jede do Brna

56
Q

Chlubit se ned.

A

čím

Chlubit se cizím peřím - strut with borrowed plumes

57
Q

Mezi náma třema

A

…

Czech (60 decks)

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