Pharm 15 Flashcards
Limiting adverse effect of ganglion blockade that patients usually are unable to tolerate
Severe hypertension
Reversal of blockade by neuromuscular blockers
Cholinesterase inhibitors
Tubocurarine is the prototype, pancuronium, atracurium, vecuronium are newer short acting agent, produce competitive block at end plate nicotinic receptor, causing flaccid paralysis
Nondepolarizing Neuromuscular Blockers
Only member of depolarizing neuromuscular blocker, causes fasciculation during induction and muscle pain after use
Succinylcholine
Chemical antagonists that bind to the inhibitor of ACh Estrace and displace the enzyme (if aging has not occurred)
Cholinesterase Regenerators
Used to treat patients exposed to insecticides such as parathion
Pralidoxime
Phenylisopropylamines that are used legitimately and abused for narcolepsy, attention deficit disorder, and weight reduction
Amphetamines
Alpha agonist used to produce mydriasis and reduce conjunctival itching and congestion caused by irritation or allergy, it does not cause cycloplegia
Phenylephrine
Epinephrine and dipivefrin are used for
Glaucoma
Newer alpha 2 agonist (apraclonidine and brimonidine) treat glaucoma
Reduce aqueous synthesis
Short acting Beta 2 agonists that is drug of choice in treatment of acute asthma but not recommended for prophylaxis
Albuterol
Longer acting Beta 2 agonists is recommended for prophylaxis of asthma
Salmeterol
These agents increase blood flow and may be beneficial in treatment of acute heart failure and some types of shock
Beta1 agonists
Shock due to septicemia or myocardial infarction is made worse by
Increasing afterload and tissue perfusion declines
Often mixed with local anesthetic to
Reduce the loss from area of injection
Chronic orthostatic hypotension can be treated with
Midodrine
Beta 2 agonist used to suppress premature labor, but cardiac stimulatory effects may be hazardous to mother and fetus
Terbutaline
Long acting sympathomimetic, sometimes used to improve urinary continence in children and elderly with enuresis
Ephedrine
Beta 1 agonist toxicity
Sinus tachycardia and serious arrhythmias
Beta 2 agonist toxicity
Skeletal muscle tremor
The selective agents loose their selectivity at
high doses
Nonselective alpha-blocking drug, long acting and irreversible, and used to treat pheochromocytoma. Blocks 5-HT, so occasionaly used for carcinoid tumor. Blocks H1 and used in mastocytosis
Phenoxybenzamine
Nonselective alpha-blocking drug, short acting and reversible, used for rebound HTN from rapid clonidine withdrawal, and Raynaud’s phenomena
Phentolamine
Selective Alpha 2 blocker used for impotence (controversial effectiveness)
Yohimbine
Combined alpha and beta blocking agents that may have application in treatment of CHF
Labetalol and carvedilol
Beta blockers partial agonist activity (intrinsic sympathomimetic activity) cause some bronchodilation and may have an advantage in treating patients with asthma
Pindolol and acebutolol
This parenteral beta blocker is a short acting
Esmolol
This beta blocker is the longest acting
Nadolol
These beta blockers are less lipid soluble
Acebutolol and atenolol
This beta blocker is highly lipid soluble and may account for side effects such as nightmares
Propranolol
Clinical uses of these agents include treatment of HTN, angina, arrhythmias, and chronic CHF
Beta blockers
Toxicity of these agents include bradycardia, AV blockade, exacerbation of acute CHF, signs of hypoglycemia may be masked (tachycardia, tremor, and anxiety)
Beta blockers
