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Path 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Coagulative necrosis

A

ischemic infarct

Usually wedge-shaped, pale or red

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2
Q

Liquifactive necrosis

A

Enzymes lyse cells & proteins

  1. Brain - microglia
  2. Abscess - neutrophils
  3. Pancreatitis - enzymes - parenchyma
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3
Q

Dry gangrene

A

Ischemia of lower limb - Diabetics

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4
Q

Wet gangrene

A

Superimposed infection, then liqufactive necrosis

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5
Q

Caseous necrosis

A

Soft, friable tissue w/ cottage cheese appearance

FUNGAL/TB - granulomatous inflammation

Coagulative + liquifactive

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6
Q

Fat necrosis

A

Chalk-white d/t Ca

  1. Breast trauma
  2. PERI-pancreatic fat
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7
Q

Saponification

A

Fat + calcium

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8
Q

Dystrophic calcification

A

Necrotic tissue becomes nidus for calcification (saponification)

Psamomma bodies

NORMAL serum Ca, Phos

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9
Q

Metastatic calcification

A

HIGH serum Ca, Phos –> calcium deposition in normal tissues

- hyperparathyroidism

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10
Q

Fibrinoid necrosis

A

Blood vessel wall
Fibrin leaks into wall –> BRIGHT PINK wall

  1. Malignant HTN
  2. Vasculitis
  3. Pre-eclampsia - 30 y/o woman
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11
Q

Apoptosis

A

Caspases –> proteases & endonucleases –> apoptotic bodies –> cleaned by MO

  1. Lack of BCL-2 –> cytochrome C leaks out
  2. FAS-L –> CD95 on T-cells or TNF-alpha
  3. CD8+
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12
Q

Underlying mechanism of damage in Wilson disease and Hemochromatosis

A

Hydroxyl free radical generation

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13
Q

CCl4

A

Dry cleaning

P450 –> CCl3 –> swelling –> dec Apos –> FATTY CHANGE

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14
Q

Continued inc in cardiac enzymes after opening of vessel

A

Reperfusion injury

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15
Q

Amyloidosis

A

Misfolded protein deposition –> tissue damage
- often around BVs

  1. B-pleated sheet
  2. Congo-red stain + apple-green birefringence
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16
Q

Primary Systemic amyloidosis

A

AL Amyloid - light chain

Blood dyscraisias - MM

17
Q

Secondary Systemic amyloidosis

A

AA amyloid - from SAA (acute phase reactant)

Chronic inflammation

  • auto-immune, crohn’s, UC, RA
  • Malignancy
  • Familial mediterranean fever
18
Q

Familial Mediterranean fever

A

AR
Dysfxn of NEUTROPHILS

Mimics appendicitis, MI, arthritis

19
Q

Findings of systemic amyloidosis

A

Kidney is most commonly involved organ

  1. Nephrotic syndrome
  2. Restrictive cardiomyopathy
  3. Tongue enlargement, malabs, HSM
Dx = Bx
Tx = transplant
20
Q

Senile amyloid

A

Serum transthyretin

Elderly, No sx, heart

21
Q

Familial amyloid cardiomyopathy

A

MUTATED serum transthyretin

Restrictive cardiomyopathy
5% A.A.s

22
Q

Type II DM Amyloid

A

Amylin (from insulin) –> islets

23
Q

Alzheimer amyloid

A

A-Beta amyloid from beta amyloid precursor protein

Chr21 - Down syndrome develop early alzheimers

24
Q

Dialysis amyloid

A

Beta-2 micoglobulin

Joints

25
Q

Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid amyloid

A

Calcitonin deposits in tumor - ‘tumor cells in an amyloid backgrouns’

26
Q

Mechanism of metaplasia

A

Reprogramming of stem cells

It is reversible

27
Q

Only dysplasia w/o inc risk of cancer

A

Apocrine metaplasia of breast

28
Q

Keratomalacia

A

Vit A deficiency –> metaplasia/thickening of conjunctiva

29
Q

Myostitis ossificans

A

Mesenchymal metaplasia - muscle –> bone after trauma

30
Q

Cause of Budd-Chiari

A

Polycythemia vera

31
Q

Causes of hypoxemia

A
  1. High altitude
  2. Hypovent
  3. diffusion defect/fibrosis
  4. V/Q mmismatch
32
Q

Methemoglobinemia

A

Fe2 oxidized to Fe3
SaO2 DEC
Sulfas, nitrates, newborns
Cyanosis w/ CHOCOLATE colored blood

Tx = methylene blue

33
Q

Reversible cell injury

A

Cellular swelling

- blebs, dec protein syn, no microvilli

34
Q

Irreversible cell injury

A

Membrane damage

- cytosolic contents, Ca into cell, cyto c, lysosomal enzymes

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