Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Step 1 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Glactorrhea, amenorrhea, HA, dec libido, vision loss

A

Prolactinoma - pituitary adenoma

Tx = DA agonist bromocriptine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Gigantism

A

KIDS, excess GH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Inc GH, IGF-1, lack GH supression by oral glucose

A

Acromegaly - GH secreting adenoma

  • Death = cardiac failure
  • Secondary DM d/t GH indices glucose production
  • Tx = Octreotide (dec GHRH release)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Post-partum poor lactation & loss of pubic hair

A

Sheehan syndrome - infarction of pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Polyuria, polydipsia, hyperNa, high serum osmolarity, low urine osmolarity…water deprivation fails to concentrate urine

A

Central diabetes insipidus

tx = desmopressin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Polyuria, polydipsia, hyperNa, high serum osmolarity, low urine osmolarity…no response to desmopressin

A

Nephrogenic DI
- lithium, demeclocyline

Tx = HTCZ, indomethacin, amiloride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Low serum Na, osmolarity, mental status change, seizures

A

SIADH - small cell or cyclophsophamide

HypoNa –> neuronal swelling, cerebral edema

Tx = water restriction, demeclocycline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Inc in BMR & sympathetics in hyperthyroidism

A

Inc Na/K ATPase

Inc B1 adrenergic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cholesterol & blood sugar profile in hyperthyroidism

A

LOW cholesterol

HIGH glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Young woman with a diffuse goiter, pre-tibial myexedema, hyperthyroidism, diplopia, eye redness, proptosis, EOM weakness

A

Grave Disease

IgG Ab to TSH receptor

  • in eye and tibia
  • Lymphocytes–> inc fibroblasts –> GAGs & edema

Tx = BBs, thioamide, radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Scalloping of colloid

A

Grave disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

High total, free T4, low TSH

A

Grave disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Arrhythmia, hyperthermia, vomiting, hypovolemic shock following surgery or childbirth

A

Thyroid storm

Tx = PTU, BBs, steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pot bellied, puffy face, MR, short stature, enlarged tongue, umbilical hernia

A

Cretinism

- maternal hypothyroidism, agenesis, iodine deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Congenital defect in TH most commonly involves what enzyme?

A

Thyroid peroxidase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Most common causes of hypothyroidism

A

1 = Hasmimoto’s

Iodine deficiency, Lithium, surgical ablation from Grave’s

Dx = Measure TSH*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hyper –> hypothyroidism, anti-thyroglobulin, anti-microsomal Ab, atrophic follicles

A

Hashimoto’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Low T4, high TSH

A

Hasimoto’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Chronic inflammation of thyroid w/ germinal centers and Hurthle cells

A

Hashimoto’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Hx of Hashimotos presents w/ enlarging thyroid…Dx?

A

Marginal zone B-cell lymphoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hypothyroidism following flu-like illness, tender thyroid, inc ESR

A

Subacute, granulomatous (De quervain) thyroiditis

#1 = echovirus
Coxsackie, measles, mumps, adeno

Mixed cellular infiltrate w/ GIANT cells
Tx = NSAIDs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Young female w/ dyspnea, hypothyroidism, and hard as wood thyroid, extensive fibrosis

A

Reidal fibrosing thyroiditis

- younger than anaplastic carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Method to sample thyroid

A

FNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cancerous thyroid Iodine uptake

A

Cold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Thyroid mass surrounded by dense fibrous capsule

A

Follicular adenoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Thyroids carcinomas

A
  1. Papillary - RET
  2. Follicular - RAS
  3. Medullary - RET
  4. Anaplastic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Papillary carcinoma of thyroid

A

Hx ionizing radiation/acne
Orphan annie eye nuclei
Excellent prognosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Most common thyroid carcinoma

A

Papillary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Nuclear grooves and white central clearing in the nucleus, concentrically calcified structures in thyroid gland

A

Papillary carcinoma

- “ground glass,” Orphan Annie eyes, Psamomma bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Thyroid mass surrounded by dense fibrous capsule with invasion through capsule

A

Follicular CARCINOMA

  • FNA cannot distinguish
  • spread hematogenous NOT LNs like other carcinomas
  • microfollicles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Low serum Ca, malignant cells in amyloid stroma

A

Medullary carcinoma

  • parafollicular C cells –> calcitonin
  • Assoc w/ MEN 2A/B
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Medullary carcinoma, pheo, parathyoid adenoma

A

MEN 2A
- RET mutation

Draw a square

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Medullary carcinoma, pheo, mucosal/ganglionueromas, marfanoid habitus

A

MEN 2B
- RET mutation

Draw a triangle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Elderly, dysphagia, resp compromise, thyroid mass

A

Anaplastic carcinoma

- highly malignant, poor prognosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Primary hyperparathyoidism

A

Adenoma = #1

“Stones, moans, groans & bones”

  • Calcium stones
  • constipation
  • depression
  • bone pain - Osteitis fibrosa cystica
  • acute pancreatitis*
36
Q

Inc PTH, Ca, urinary cAMP, alk phos (blast)

Dec phosphate

A

Primary hyperparathyroidism
- adenoma, hyperplasia

“Stones, moans, groans & bones”

37
Q

Inc PTH, alk phos, PHOSPHATE

Dec Ca, calcitrol (1,25)

A 
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
#1 = chronic renal failure --> dec phos excretion, dec 1,25 --> inc PTH

Inc bone turnover/osteitis fibrosa cystica

38
Q

Peri-oral numbness, tingling, tetany w/ tapping or blood pressure cuff (Trousseau, Chvostek sign)

A

Hypoparathyroidism

- DiGeorge, surgical removal

39
Q

Low PTH, Low Ca

A

Hypoparathyroidism

40
Q

Short stature, short 4th, 5th digits, High PTH, Low Ca

A

Psuedohypoparathyroidism

- end-organ resistance to PTH = Gs defect

41
Q

Type I DM

A

T-lymphocyte destruction

HLA-DR3, 4 (MHC I)

42
Q

Mech of type II DM insulin resistance

A

Dec # insulin receptors

43
Q

Hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma

A

Type II DM

>500 sugar –> diuresis –> hypotension & coma

44
Q

Leading cause of death among diabetics

A

CVD/MI

45
Q

Non-enzymatic glycosylation of renal arterioles

A

EFFERENT –> hyperfiltration
Microalbuminuria, nephrotic syndrome, Kimmelstiel-wilson nodules

Diffuse sclerosis –> renal failure

46
Q

Pt presents with kidney stones and stomach ulcers or hypoglycemia, and impotence…Parathyroid hyperplasia, pituitary adenoma, pancreatic neoplasm

A

MEN 1

  1. Insulinoma*
  2. Gastrinoma (ZE)*
  3. Somatostatinoma - achlorhydria, cholelithiasis, steatorrhea
  4. VIPoma - watery diarrhea, hypoK
47
Q

Glomerulosa produces

A

Aldosterone

48
Q

Fasiculata produces

A

Cortisol

49
Q

Reticularis produces

A

Sex steroids/testosterone

50
Q

Moon facies, buffalo hump, truncal obesity, HTN, osteoporosis, immunosuppression, hyperglycemia, striae, amenorrhea

A

Cushing/hypercortisolism
- inc urine cortisol

  1. # 1 = steroids
  2. Adenoma
  3. ACTH pituitary adenoma
  4. ACTH small cell
51
Q

Cushing w/ B/L adrenal atrophy

A

Steroids

52
Q

Cushing w/ C/L adrenal atrophy

A

Primary cortical adenoma

53
Q

Cushing w/ B/L adrenal enlargement

A

ACTH secreting pituitary adenoma or Small cell cancer

54
Q

High dose dexa suppression test –> low cortisol levels

A

ACTH Pituitary adenoma (vs. small cell)

55
Q

HyperNa, hypoK (weakness & paresthesia), alkalosis, HTN, Low plasma renin

A

Hyperaldosteronism (Conn syndrome)

  • # 1 = adrenal adenoma
  • # 2 = adrenal hyperplasia
  • spironolactone bodies

Tx = spironolactone –> surgery

56
Q

Kid w/ clitoral enlargment, precocious puberty, hypotension, high ACTH, hyperK, hypoNa, B/L adrenal hyperplasia

A 
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
#1 = 21-hydoxylase deficiency
Dx = excess 17-hydroxyprogesterone
Tx = ACTH to suppress cortex
57
Q

Kid w/ clitoral enlargment, precocious puberty, high ACTH, HTN

A

11-hydroxylase deficiency

58
Q

Hypotension, HypoNa, HyperK, Hyperpigmentation, V/D, fatigue, weakness, weightloss, acidosis, ACTH 150, cortisol 2, ACTH stimulation fails to inc serum cortisol

A

1 in US = auto-immune

Addison - chronic PRIMARY adrenal insufficiency

  • likely to develop w/ DM-1, Hashimoto’s, Graves, Addison
    #1 developing = TB
    Mets from Lung cancer
59
Q

EPISODIC HTN, HA, palpiations, tach, sweating, inc urine VMA

A

Pheo (5Ps) - pressure, pain, perspiration, palpitations, pallor

Tx = excision + alpha blocker phenoxybenzamine to prevent HTN crisis

60
Q

Episodic HTN with urination

A

Bladder wall pheo

61
Q

Syndromes assoc w/ Pheo

A

MEN 2A,B
Von-Hippel Lindau - hemoangio of cerebellum
NF-1

62
Q

XY Male appears as a female, HTN, hypoK

A

17-alpha hydroxylase deficiency

63
Q

PTH fxns

A

Goal = INC serum Ca

  1. Inc RANKL on blasts –> stim clasts
  2. Dec phos abs (Phos Trashing Hormone)
  3. Inc 1,25 by inc 1-alpha hydroxylase
64
Q

Endocrine hormones using IP3

A

GOAT - GnRH, Oxytocin, ADH (V1), TRH

Most use cAMP including calcitonin, glucagon

65
Q

Endocrine hormones using TK/MAP kinase –> RAS

A

Think growth factors

Insulin, IGF-1, FGF, PDGF

66
Q

Sex hormone binding globuin inc in men & dec in women

A

Inc in Men –> Dec T –> gynecomastia

Dec in Women –> Inc T –> hirsuitism

67
Q

Wolff-Cahikoff effect

A

Excess iodine inhibits TPO –> dec T3/4

68
Q

HyperNa, hypoK, alkalosis, HTN, High plasma renin

A

Hyperaldosteronism (Conn syndrome)

- Secondary = atherosclerosis, RA stenosis

69
Q

Hypotension, HypoNa, V/D, fatigue, weakness, weightloss, ACTH 20, Cortisol 2, ACTH stimulation inc cortisol

A

Secondary adrenal insufficiency

#1 = STOP MEDS
Pituitary insufficiency
70
Q

Neuroblastoma

A

Adrenal medulla tumor in KIDS*

Anywhere along sympathetic chain
High DA –> HVA in urine
Less HTN
Over expression of N-myc

71
Q

Hypothyroidism + deafness

A

Pendred syndrome

- AR deficiency in Na/I co-transport

72
Q

Huge goiter, patchy radio-I uptake, raise arms and get red in the face. hitology shows distended follicles lined by flattened epithelium w/ fibrosis and hemorrhage

A

Toxic multinodular goiter

73
Q

Inc Ca with low PTH

A

PTH-independent hyperCa

- Ca ingestion, cancer

74
Q

Diabetic with high morning blood sugar…next step?

A

2AM BG

Dawn effect = high/normal glucose
- cortisol, epi stimulate release from liver –> high BG d/t low insulin

Somogyi effect = low glucose
- night hypoglycemia –> nocturnal release

75
Q

Pt presents with LRQ pain, diarrhea, flushing, asthmatic wheezing and right heart vavle disease.

A

Carcinoid syndrome - most common tumor of the appendix

High 5-HIAA in urine
Tx = Octreotide

76
Q

Drug acts by closing K+ channel –> insulin release only in type II DM

A

Sulfonylureas

- Tolbutamide, Glyburide, Glipizide

77
Q

Drug acts by dec gluconeogenesis and inc sensitivity to insulin

A

Metformin (Biguanides)

- glinides have less hypoglycemia

78
Q

1st line drug to type II DM

A

Metformin (Biguanides)

79
Q

Diabetes drug that causes lactic acidosis

A

Metformin (Biguanides)

80
Q

Drug acts by binding PPAR-gamma to inc insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissue

A

Thiazolidinediones

-HEPATOTOXIC, HF, Fx, Bladder cancer

81
Q

Drug inhibits alpha glucosidases to dec post-prandial hyperglycemia

A

Acarbose & Miglitol

82
Q

Drug inhibits DDP4 degredation of GLP-1

A

Piptidyl-Peptidase Inhibitors

- Sitagliptan, Saxipliptan

83
Q

MOA of PTU, methimazole

A

Blocks TPO = blocks organifiation

PTU also blocks 5-deiodinase = block peripheral T4–>T3

84
Q

ADH antagonist used in SIADH

A

Demeclocycline

85
Q

Endocrine hormones using JAK/STAT

A

PiG - Prolactin, GH, cytokines

86
Q

Necrolyic migratory erythema with blisters in areas of friction, weight loss, diarrhea, diabetes, high blood sugar

A

Glucagonoma

- Tx = octreotide

Step 1 (58 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions