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Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

“Pseudopalisades,” - central necrosis with surrounding cells on brain Bx, crosses the corpus callosum, vascular proliferation

A

GBM

  • # 1 brain tumor
  • butterfly glioma = astrocytes
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2
Q

Solid tumor with small blue cells, Homer-wright rossettes (halo of cells surrounding central ball), gait instablity, limb ataxia

A

Medulloblastoma

  • VERMIS
  • Primitive neuroectodermal tumors
  • # 2 in kids
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3
Q

Rosenthal fibers, spindle cells w/ hair-like glial processes (corkscrew fibers), ataxia, vision loss

A

Pilocytic astrocytoma

  • # 1 kids
  • Cerebellum, brainstem, hypothalamic, optic
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4
Q

Pseudorosettes (spoke-wheel cells around a blood vessel), rod shaped blepharoplasts, GFAP+, hydrocephalus

A

Ependymoma

  • Roof of 4th
  • # 3 kids
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5
Q

Spindle-shaped cell with concentric whorls, laminated calcifications, tumor on surface of brain

A

Meningioma

  • # 2 adults
  • Psammoma bodies
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6
Q

Blue cells, neutrophilic neuritic proceses that stain + for S-100, chromogranin, synaptophysin

A

Neuroblastoma

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7
Q

Absent cerebellar vermis, global ventricle enlargement, enlargement of posterior fossa

A

Dandy-Walker

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8
Q

Cerebellar tonsils through foramen magnum, blockage of aqueduct of sylvius, hydrocephalus, apnea, syringomyelia

A

Arnold-Chiari

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9
Q

Calcifications of white matter in frontal lobes, cells with central nucleus and clear cytoplasm, GFAP +

A

Oligodendrioglioma

- “chicken wire or fried-egg” appearance

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10
Q

Hemangioblastomas in retina, cerebellum, SC + dermatologic angiomas + RCC, pheo, kidney cysts

A

Von Hippel-Lindau

  • AD
  • VHL gene on chr3 –> activates angiogenic factors
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11
Q

Pigmented nodules in iris, optic nerve gliomas, cafe au lait spots

A

NF-1 (Von Recklinghausen)

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12
Q

Tinnitis in both ears, vertigo, HA, juvenile cataracts, cafe au lait spots

A

NF-2

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13
Q

Seizures, tram-tracking skull x-ray, facial angioma

A

Sturge-Weber

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14
Q

Cortical, subependymal hamartomas, acne on face, renal and liver failure, hypopigmented areas, leather-like patch on lower back

A

Tuberous sclerosis

  • Kidney, liver, pancreatic cysts
  • cardiac rhabdo, adenoma secaceum, CNS hammartomas
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15
Q

Kid w/ HA, bitemporal hemianopsia, polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, weight gain

A

Craniopharyngioma

  • Part solid (calcified)
  • Part cystic (cholesterol “machine oil”)
  • Keratin pearls
  • Rathke’s pouch
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16
Q

Posterior communicating artery rupture

A

CN III down and out

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17
Q

AICA rupture

A

IL facial paralysis, pain and temp, tinnitus

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18
Q

PICA

A

CL Pain and temp body

IL Pain and temp face

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19
Q

Lesion to left motor cortex tract to facial muscles - which muscle is paralyzed?

A

Right orbicular oris (mouth/smiling muscle)

- occipitofrontalis get B/L innervation

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20
Q

Damage to right MLF, what happens when looking to the left?

A

Fixed R eye, nystagmus in left

- nystagmus in ABducting eye = signal to CN III is lost

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21
Q

Inc Hct, foamy cells with inc vascularity, cerebellar mass in an adult

A

Hemangioblastoma

22
Q

Paralysis in left leg, atrophy, areflexia

A

Polio

  • loss of anterior horn cells
  • Asymmetrical (vs.GBS)
  • PMNs and lymphocytes in CSF
  • Fecal-oral = WATER
23
Q

Paralysis in lower limbs, arms, hyperreflexia, no sensory loss

A

ALS

- anterior horn and CST –> UMN (vs. polio and GBS)

24
Q

Paralysis in both legs, elevated protein in CSF with normal cells, absent DTRs

A

GBS

  • campylobacter
  • Albuminocytologic dissociation
  • SYMMETRICAL (vs. polio)
25
Q

Floppy baby, areflexia, muscle fibrillations and inc CK from birth

A

Spinal muscular atrophy

  • survival motor neuron (SMN) mutation
  • atrophy of LMN anterior horn cells
26
Q

Consciousness intact, abnormal memory, auditory, visual or sensory hallucinations or “out-of-body” feeling

A

Simple Partial

- temporal lobe

27
Q

LOC, repetitive movements of hands, lip smacking, chewing

A

Complex Partial

28
Q

Begin as SPS or CPS –> stiffness and clonic jerking

A

Secondarily generalized tonic-clonic

29
Q

Alternating stiffness and jerking movements

A

Tonic-conic

- Tx = Phenytoin or carbamazepine

30
Q

Behavioral changes, dementia, frontotemoral atrophy, tau protein

A

Pick Disease

31
Q

Problems paying attention, visual hallucinations, bradykinesia, tremor, alpha-synuclein inclusions

A

Lewy body dementia

32
Q

Loss of caudate, NMDA/GABA receptors

A

Huntington

33
Q

Kyphoscoliosis, pes cavus, ataxia, dec vibratory sense, CHF, DM

A

Freidrich ataxia

  • GAA
  • hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
34
Q

Herniation –> cardiopulmonary arrest

A

Tonsilar

35
Q

Herniation –> dilated, unreactive pupil, CL hemianopsia, IL hemiparesis, compresses PCA

A

Uncal - supratentorial

36
Q

Herniation compresses ACA

A

Subflacine

37
Q

Herniation –> tear basilar –> Duret hemorrhage and hyperventilation, Cheyne-Stoke breathing

A

Central

38
Q

Fluent speech w/ impaired comprehension

A

Wernicke = world salad

- superior temporal

39
Q

Fluent speech, intact comprehension, can’t repeat

A

Arcuate fasiculus - conduction aphasia

40
Q

IL UMN, touch loss, CL pain and temp

A

Brown-sequard

41
Q

BL pain and temp over back and shoulders, no DTRs

A

Syringomyelia

- assoc w/ Arnold-chiari

42
Q

BL pain and temp a few levels below, BL flaccid paralysis

A

Central cord syndrome - anterior white commissure

43
Q

Paresthesias a year prior, new onset blurred vision in one eye, scanning speech, intention tremor, bladder incontinence, worse w/ hot showers

A

MS

  • Periventicular white matter
  • Tx - beta-interferon
44
Q

Oligoclonal bands

A

MS

45
Q

Dec Ach in Basal nucleus of Meynert

A

Alzheimer

- Dec choline acetyltransferase

46
Q

Alzheimer tx

A

Donepezil (cholinesterase inhibitor)

Memantine (NMDA antagonist)

47
Q

Startle myoclonus, spike-wave on EEG

A

CJD

48
Q

Free nerve endings

A

Pain and temp

49
Q

Pacinian

A

Pressure
Vibration
- deep skin, joints, ligaments

50
Q

Positional delayed horizontal nystagmus toward left eye

A

LEFT is affected - peripheral vertigo

51
Q

Central vertigo

A

D/T stroke, tumors, MS w/ sx of diplopia, slurred speech, focal weakness + IMMEDIATE nystagmus that may CHANGE DIRECTION

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