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Step 1 > Biostats, Behavioral & MJP > Flashcards

Biostats, Behavioral & MJP Flashcards

1
Q

What are the chances I really do NOT have cancer?

A

NPV - free of disease with a (-) test result

High pre-test probability –> low NPV/likely to have disease

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2
Q

What are the chances that I DO have cancer?

A

PPV

- proportion of (+) results that are true (+)

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3
Q

Appearance of new cases

A

Incidence

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4
Q

Those without the disease at a certain time

A

Prevalence

Incidence x time

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5
Q

Inc prevalence but stable incidence

A

Something that prolongs the disease = improved quality of care

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6
Q

Prior knowledge of exposure status is what type of bias?

A

Observer

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7
Q

Longer survival in patients who underwent screening that allowed for earlier diagnosis is what type of bias?

A

Lead-time

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8
Q

Subjects selected for a study or selected from a group of w/ losses during follow-up is what type of bias?

A

Selection bias

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9
Q

120 out of 400 taking an ACE developed an MI while 100 out of 300 not taking a ACE experienced an MI - what is the relative risk of MI taking and ACE-I?

A

RR = 120/400 / (100/300)

Incidence in exposed / incidence in unexposed

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10
Q

Odd ratio

A

ad/bc

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11
Q

What type of study selects patients with a disease and without and then determines their previous exposure status?

A

Case-control

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12
Q

What type of study tracks pts with a known condition to document hx or response to tx?

A

Case Series

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13
Q

What type of study simultaneously measures exposure & outcome using surveys?

A

Cross-sectional (prevalence)

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14
Q

Positive skew

A

Smaller #s predominate - tail in + direction

Mean > median

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15
Q

Negative skew

A

Large #s predominate - tail extends in - direction

Mean < median

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16
Q

Babies delivered with neural tube defects and healthy babies - moms asked about medicine use. Type of study?

A

Case-Control

Odds ratio = odds of exposure w/ disease odds of exposure w/o disease

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17
Q

A risk factor leads to extensive dx testing and increases the probability the disease has been identified (smoking) is what type of bias?

A

Detection bias

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18
Q

Moro reflex

A

0-5mo

- falling –> spread arms –> clasp

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19
Q

Rooting reflex

A

0-4mo

  • stroke cheek –> suckling
  • suckling reflex 0-2mo becomes voluntary
20
Q

No direct evidence of negligence - accidents must be of a kind which ordinarily does not occur in the absence of negligence = leaving a scalpel in pt

A

Res ipsa loquitur - “the thing speaks for itself”

21
Q

needed to harm

A

1 / risk

- compares the old way or ineffectiveness of tx

22
Q

Treating a pt - ignoring his.her wishes but aims to promote person’s best interests

A

Paternalism

23
Q

Pt incapacitated and Dr. makes decision based on what they think pt wants

A

Beneficence

24
Q

Erro occurs when study accepts alternative hypothesis when in fact there is no difference

A

Type I

25
Q

Erro occurs when the study fails to reject the null hypothesis when there IS in fact a difference

A

Type II

26
Q

Elements of informed consent

A 
Dx, intervention
risks and benefits
alternatives and their risks and benefits
assessment of pt understanding
acceptance of intervention
27
Q

Dysthmic vs. MDD

A 
Dysthmic = chronic, 2+ yrs and less severe
MDD = 5 or more SIGECAPS
28
Q

Self-isolation, detachment, no affect

A

Schizoid

29
Q

Z-score

A

+2 = 2SD above the mean

T-score used now where #s are estimates rather than actual population parameters

30
Q

15mo old suddenly stops talking, special interest in toys, very hard to disrupt, very upset when you move her toys, hand wringing, toe walking

A

Rhett syndrome

31
Q

Prospective study

A

Cohort

32
Q

Paid a contracted rate for each person

A

Capitation

33
Q

Age of social smile, follow/swipe object, lift head and shoulder

A

3mo

34
Q

Age able to roll, transfer objects, sleep all night, respond to “no”, babbles

A

7mo

35
Q

Age of crawling, sitting, pincer grasp, first words

A

8-10mo

36
Q

Tourette’s co-mordidities

A

ADHD, OCD, learning disorders, conduct disorder

Tx = haloperidol or fluphenazine

37
Q

Moodiness, worthlessness, splitting

A

Borderline personality

38
Q

Excessive emotions, attention-seeking, seductiveness

A

Histrionic

39
Q

Phases of drug trials

A

1 - healthy volunteers
2 - small # of disease sufferers = effectiveness
3 - large double-blind
4 - following release

40
Q

Relative risk ratio

A

risk of exposed group / risk of unexposed group

41
Q

Say different words but not yet sentences

A

18mo

42
Q

Run, stand on tip toes, stair w/ support, kick a ball, build a tower, 2-4 word sentences

A

24mo

43
Q

Bias commonly found in smoking, alcohol or exercise surveys

A

Social desirability bias

44
Q

More attention is paid to treatment group than placebo to ensure compliance

A

Procedure bias

45
Q

Age kids are able to stand on 1 foot, stairs W/O support, tell stories, colors, fantasy play

A

3-4yrs

46
Q

Dressing w/o assistance, triangle, 1 foot >10sec

A

4-5yrs

Step 1 (58 decks)

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