NLE Level 1 Culture & Civilization Flashcards
What is the backbone of Italy?
Apennine Mountain Range
Rome is located on the ___ and its port city is ___ at the mouth of the ___.
Tiber River; Ostia; Tiber River
Latium is in the middle of what three important plains on the west coast of Italy?
Etruria, Latium, and Campania.
What is the port city on the eastern coast of Italy?
Brundisium
Rome is called the city of ___.
seven hills
The most important hill was the ___, where the Temple of Jupiter and other temples were located.
Captioline Hill
center of government and business activity
forum
Senate House
Curia
The ___, Sacred Way, that ran through the Forum up to the Capitoline Hill
Via Sacra
The ___, the Appian Way that connected Rome and Brundisium.
Via Appia
The ___ was a race track for chariot racing
Circus Maximus
The ___ was a round arena for sports such as gladiator contests.
Colosseum
Thermae
public baths
carried water to Rome
aqueducts
resort city south of Rome in the plain of Campania
Pompeii
Pompeii was destroyed in ___ by the eruption of the volcano on ___.
79 A.D.; Mt. Vesuvius
The large island directly south of Italy
Sicily
Italia
Italy
Gallia
Gaul (modern France)
Hispania
Iberia (modern Spain and Portugal)
Britannia
Britain
Graecia
Greece
Germania
Germany
Illyrium
Illyria (modern Croatia, Serbia, etc.)
Asia
Anatolia, Asia Minor (modern Turkey)
Aegyptus
Egypt
Africa
Libya
Italy
Italia
Gaul (modern France)
Gallia
Iberia (modern Spain and Portugal)
Hispania
Britain
Britannia
Greece
Graecia
Germany
Germania
Illyria (modern Croatia, Serbia, etc.)
Illyrium
Anatolia, Asia Minor (modern Turkey)
Asia
Egypt
Aegyptus
Libya
Africa
Name the Major Seas in Rome
Mare Nostrum (Mediterranean Sea); Black Sea; and Atlantic Ocean
Name the Major Mountain Ranges
Apennines, Alps, Pyrenees (between Spain and France)
Name the Great Volcanoes of Italy
Vesuvius; Aetna (Sicily)
Name the Important Ports of Italy
Ostia, Brundisium (Brindisi - jumping off point for Greece)
The twin sons of Mars and Rhea Silvia
Romulus and Remus
Remus and Romulus were set afloat in a basket on the ___, but were rescued and suckled by a ___, and later went on to found Rome in ___.
Tiber River; she-wolf; 753 B.C.
Romulus killed his brother and become the first of the ___ of Rome, during a period called ___.
seven kings; The Monarchy
The seventh and last king of Rome was the tyrant ___, who was overthrown in __.
Tarquinius Superbus; 510 B.C.
During the Republic, Rome was ruled by a ___ and two ___, each of whom served for a term of one year.
Senate; consuls
Carthaginian general who marched his army and elephants from Spain across the Alps into Italy.
Hannibal
The wars with Carthage
Punic Wars
The mot famous general of the Roman Republic, ___ conquered Gaul and made it a Roman province.
Julius Caesar
Julius Caesar was assassinated in ___ by Roman senators who feared he would become a king.
44 B.C.
The assassination of Caesar led to a civil war, which was won by his nephew, ___, later known as ___.
Octavian; Augustus
Augustus became the first ___ of Rome in the period called ___.
emperor; The Roman Empire
End of the Roman Empire
476 A.D.
The three periods of Rome
Monarchy, Republic, Roman Empire
During whose reign was Christ born?
Caesar Augustus
The basic Roman garment
tunica or tunic
an amulet believed to guard against evil spirits
bulla
The patrician wore a ___ over the tunic for public occasions
toga
the ancient color of royalty and nobility
purple
boot worn by Roman soliders
caliga
three garments of a basic outfit for Roman women
tunica, stola, palla
garment worn by women over the tunic
stola
draped cloak worn by women as an outer garment
palla
a decorated pin used to fasten cloaks and draped clothing
fibula
The few wealthiest Roman families in the ___ lived in ___.
urbs; palaces
Ordinary Romans lived in simple apartments in apartment blocks called ___
insulae
the typical city home of the average upper-class Roman family
domus
Entryway before the front door. Clients gathered here in the early morning to meet the patron.
Vestibulum
Front door
Janua
Corridor leading from the janua to the atrium.
fauces
Shops, operated by the patron or rented out. These opened only onto the street and were not internally connected to the rest of the house.
Tabernae
A large open-air interior courtyard. It was the formal room where guests were received and clients assembled to wait for their customary morning visits to their patron. It was also a room for family occasions.
Atrium
At the center of the atrium, directly beneath the opening in the roove (compluvium)
impluvium
The atrium often contained the ___, a niche containing a shrine to the family gods (lares and penates)
lararium
Small bedrooms or sitting rooms, usually furnished with no more than a bed and a wooden chest.
cubiculum
side apartments, storage
ala
rear entrance
posticum
office, where family records and treasure chest were kept. Opening at both ends, providing a view from the atrium through to the peristylium, could be closed with folding doors or screens.
Tablinum
Dining room, with a three-sided cushioned bench for reclining (the refined way to dine was in a reclining position) surrounding a small table.
triclinium
Colonnaded interior garden with frescoes, statuary, and fountains
peristylium
kitchen
culina
Room with seats for formal entertainments, dinner parties, conversations, and disputing. May be decorated with frescoes and mosaic floors. Mosaid floors used small bits of colored glass (tesserae) to create a picture, often of scenes taken from mythology or nature.
Excedra
Decorative pool at the center of the peristylium.
Piscina
shallow pool in atrium, both for collecting rainwater and decoration.
Impluvium
Zeus
Jupiter
God of sky, thunder; “father of gods and men”
Jupiter
Hera
Juno
goddess of women, marriage
Juno
Poseidon
Neptune
God of water, springs, lakes, rivers, the sea, earthquakes, horses
Neptune
Hades
Pluto
God of the Underworld, the dead; sometimes associated with Plutus, god of wealth
Pluto (Dis Pater)
Athena
Minerva
goddess of wisdom, defensive war, weaving, crafts
Minerva
god of light and the sun, truth and prophecy, healing, music
Apollo
Artemis
Diana
goddess of the hunt, woodlands and wild animals, the moon, childbirth
Diana
Aphrodite
Venus
goddess of love, beauty, fertility
Venus
Ares
Mars
god of war, virility
Mars
Hermes
Mercury
god of trade, commerce, travel; messenger god
Mercury
Hephaestos
Vulcan
god of metalworking, fire (both beneficial and destructive, including volcanoes)
Vulcan
Hestia
Vesta
goddess of hearth and home
Vesta
Demeter
Ceres
goddess of harvest, grains, fertility of the earth, seasons
Ceres
Dionysus
Bacchus
god of wine and winemaking, ecstasy, ritual madness
Bacchus
Eros
Cupid
god of desire, affection, erotic love
Cupid
god of gates and doors, beginnings and ends
Janus
Persephone
Proserpina
goddess of springtime, vegetation; queen of the Underworld
Proserpina
Heracles
Hercules
goddesses of charm, beauty, nature, human creativity
Three Graces
goddesses of inspired literature and the arts
Nine Muses
muse of epic poetry
Calliope
muse of history
Clio
muse of love poetry
Erato
muse of lyric poetry
Euterpe
muse of tragedy
Melpomene
muse of sacred poetry
Polyhymnia
muse of choral dance, son
Terpsichore
muse of comedy
Thalia
muse of astronomy
Urania
three-head dog; guards the gates of Hades
Cerberus
white winged horse; carried Bellerophon; sired by Poseidon
Pegasus
nurtured Romulus and Remus, the founders of Rome
she-wolf
Which goddess was the wife of Jupiter?
Juno
How many heads does the dog Cerberus have?
tres
The killing of the Nemean lion was performed by ___ as one of his twelve labors.
Hercules
The three Olympians who ruled the universe
Jupiter, Pluto, and Neptune
Which god could be found under Mt. Aetna making weapons for other gods and heroes?
Vulcan
After paying a very small entry fee, the guests of roman baths would undress in the ___ (dressing room), where there were cubbyholes or cabinets for clothes and personal belongings.
apodyterium
curved instrument of horn or metal used to scrape oil of a Roman’s body in the bath house
strigilis
warm room
tepidarium
hot bath
caldarium
cold room and pool
frigidarium
stem room, like a modern sauna
laconicum
a raised floor that circulated heat from a furnace
hypocaustum
smaller baths sometimes in cities and towns or in houses of wealthy citizens
balneae
first meal of the day, taken just after rising
jentaculum
lunch or late breakfast
prandium
main meal of the day, usually begun in late afternoon
cena
late dinner
vesperna
In the Roman house, the pool that caught rainwater
impluvium
The garden area of a Roman villa
peristylium
pictures formed by small bits of glass
Mosaic features
The ___ or “great racetrack”, originaly built by the first of the Etruscan kings of Rome, ___
Circus Maximus; Lucius Tarquinius Priscus
The center median of the Circus Maximus
spina
The turning posts at each end of the spina
metae
Starting gates at the Circus Maxima
carcares
chariot driver
auriga
a meeting house for the Senate
curia
Used as law courts and public meeting places
basilicae
huge Roman sewer system
Cloaca Maxima
built the original Cloaca Maxima
Tarquinius Priscus
shops and fast-food stalls
tabernae
The ___ (Field of Mars) was a large open area in the bend of the Tiber north of the Severan Wall that was used for military drilling and training.
Campus Martius
huge arena where gladiatorial games were held
Colosseum
a domed temple to all the gods
Pantheon
The most famous Roman highway is the ___ (Appian Way) known as the ___ (Queen of Viae)
Via Appia; Regina Viarum
The Via Appia connected Rome with the port of ___, and ran through ___, the principal city of Campania
Brundisium; Capua
connected Rome with the important norther city of Ariminium (Rimini)
Via Flaminia
connected Rome with the city of Pisa
Via Aurelia
main street of ancient Rome, running from the Capitol through the Forum to the Colosseum
Via Sacra
patrician and solider of Troy, known as the founder of Rome
Aeneas
The story of Aeneas was written in poetic form by the Roman poet ___. This poem is called the ___, and is the Roman national epic.
Virgil; Aenied
Aeneas was the son of ___, prince of a city near Troy, and ___, the goddess of Love.
Anchises; Venus
After a long voyage, during which Aeneas lived for a time with ___, the queen of Carthage, Aeneas arrived in Italy.
Dido
After winning a violent struggle with the Etruscans, he founded the city of Rome on the ___.
Tiber River
Years of the Roman Monarchy
753 B.C. to 510 B.C.
Twelve officials called ___ accompanied the king.
lictors
Each lictor carried the symbol of his office known as ___
fasces
The first historical king after Romulus was ___, remembered as a wise ruler, who built several temples, created the office of Pontifex Maximus, established the Vestal Virgins at Rome, reformed the calendar, and created the occupational guilds of Rome
Numa Pompilius
expanded the territory of Rome by winning a series of wars against Rome’s neighbors
Tullius Hostilius
extended Roman territory to the sea and founded the port of Ostia
Ancus Marcius
build the Circus Maximus
Lucius Tarquinius Priscus
a popular king who improved the lives of Rome’s poorer citizens, had begun life as a slave - the son of a princess captured in war by the Romans
Servius Tullius
The last king of Rome was ___, a tyrant whose reign was characterized by bloodshed and violence.
Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
years of the Roman Republic
510 B.C. to 27 A.D.
first two consuls
Junius Brutus and Lucius Collatinus
___ attempted to enter Rome and retake the throne. He was aided in this effort by the Etruscan general ___.
Tarquin the Proud; Lars Porsena
defended the only bridge into the city long enough for the Romans to chop it down
Horatius Cocles
powerful families who dominated the early republic
patricians
the larger class of ordinary citizens whose power increased in the later republic
plebeians
a public codes of laws, based on Greek law instituted by the plebeians
Twelve Tables
While fighting the Aequians and the Sabines, the Senate sent for ___, a model of Roman virtue and simplicity who had recently finished a term as consul and gone back to his farm.
Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus
a six-month emergency office of absolute authority
dictator
In 390 B.C., a band of Gauls under ___ invaded Rome and occupied all parts of the city but the Capitol, where the Romans took refuge.
Brennus
a permanent building built in the Forum for the meetings of the Senate
Curia
There were three Punic Wars between what years
246-146 B.C.
The second was the great war against the Carthaginian general ___.
Hannibal
In 60 B.C., the Roman general ___ became one of the three men, together with ___ and ___, who ruled Rome in an official partnership called the ___.
Julius Caesar; Crassus; Pompey; First Triumvirate
Fearing Caesar would become a king, a group of nobles assassinated him on the ___.
Ides of March (March 15th), 44 B.C.
What are the years of the Roman Empire?
27 B.C. to 476 A.D.
After Caesar’s death, his grand-nephew and heir ___ fought and won a civil war for control of the empire.
Octavian
Octavian acquired sole power, and in __, he was awarded the honorary title __ by the Senate.
27 B.C.; Augustus
200-year period of relative peace and prosperity
Pax Romana
years of the Pax Romana
27 BC to 180 AD
three cities buried by the volcano Vesuvius in 79 A.D.
Pompeii, Herculaneum, and Stabiae
The empire reached its greatest prosperity and territorial expanse during the reign of the emperor ___, who ruled from 98-117 A.D.
Trajan
emperors that helped the Roman Empire survive during the mid-200s
Diocletian and Constantine
year the western half of the Roman Empire collapsed
476 A.D.
an old married couple who are the only ones to welcome the disguised gods Zeus and Hermes
Baucis and Philemon
lovers in Babylon whose blood changes the mulberry from white to red
the major Roman god of agriculture and the harvest; he is identified with the Greek god Cronus
