FFL-4FL Grammar Review Flashcards
The verb ___ can be used to mean ___ or ___ in the sense of existence
sum; there is; there are
When sum is used to mean there is or there are, sum will be in the ___ person, and is usually the ___ word in the sentence or ___ the subject.
third; first; before
Some nouns have plural forms only, but may have a singular or plural ___. A noun and its verb must agree in person and ___.
meaning; number
Give two examples of Latin nouns that have only plural forms and meanings. Write the Latin and English.
liberi (children), arma (arms, weapons), hiberna (winter quarters), angustiae (when it means “difficulties”)
Give two examples of Latin nouns with plural forms that have singular meanings in English. Write the Latin and English.
insidiae (plot, ambush), castra (camp), impedimenta (baggage, baggage train), angústiae (when it means “narrow place”)
Some verbs may take two accusatives instead of one. One example is verbs that call someone something, where the something is called a ___ and the construction is called the ___.
predicate accusative; double accusative
The place or location of something is in the ___ case.
locative
Give the Locative Rule.
For cities and small islands, the locative is identical to the ablative except in the 1st and 2nd declension singular, where it is identical to the gentiive. It is translated by in or at.
What two words are not cities or small islands, but have a locative? What are their locatives?
domus, rus; domi ruri
When the ablative is used to show FROM WHAT PERSON someone or something has been separated, the construction is called ___ and requires the preposiiton ___.
ablative of separation; a(ab), de, or e (ex)
When the ablative is used to show FROM WHAT THING someone or something has been separated, the ablative either ___ a preposition or ___ one of the above prepositions is used
without; with
There are two types of clauses. An ___ clause can stand alone as a complete thought. A ___ clause cannot stand alone as a complete thought.
independent; subordinate
The word ___ indicates a direct quotation. This word is always placed ___ the quotation and never ___ it.
inquit; inside; before
A ___ pronoun begins a subordinate adjective clause and refers to a stated or understood antecedent. These clauses are called ___ clauses.
relative; relative
The Latin relative pronoun is ___.
qui quae quod
The relative pronoun follows the ___ Agreement Rule.
Pronoun
Depending on where a relative clause is placed, a sentence may have two ___ in a row. the ___ verb after the relative pronoun usually goes with the relative pronoun.
verbs; first
The genitive of qui quae quod is used to show ___ but functions as a ___.
posession; pronoun
īdem is simply the demonstrative pronoun ___ with the suffix ___ added to the end of each form.
is ea id; -dem
Forms of is ending in -m change the final -m to a/an ___. Give an example.
-n; eundem, eandem, eorundem, earundem
Purpose clasues may be introduced by ut/ne or by a/an ____.
relative pronoun
When a relative pronoun is used to introduce a purpose clause, the relative pronoun still follows the ___.
Pronoun Agreement Rule
If a purpose clause is negative, ___ must be used.
ne
What are the three Latin and English words for where?
ubi (where?), quo (whither), unde (whence)
A relative clause of purpose cannot be used if the relative pronoun would agree with the ___ of an ___ verb.
subject; active
What does whither mean? Whence?
to what place; from what place
An interrogative pronoun is a pronoun that ___. As a pronoun, it follows the ___ Agreement Rule.
ask a question; Pronoun
The Latin interrogative pronoun is ___.
quis quid
What Latin question word expects the response “yes”? ___ “no”? ___
nonne; num
The interrogative adjective is an adjective that ___. As an adjective, it follows the ___ Agreement Rule.
asks a question; Adjective
The Latin interrogative adjective is ___.
qui quae quod
The declension of the interrogative adjective is identical to that of the ___ except in the nominative masculine singular, where ___ is used to say what or which and ___ is used to say what sort of or what kind of.
relative pronoun; quis; qui
When we report a question instead of asking it directly, we are asking an ___ question. This type of question is a ___ clause.
indirect; subordinate
If a sentence has an independent and a subordinate clause, the verbs in the two clauses must coordinate with respect to ___.
time
The rule for this coordination is called the ___.
Sequence of Tenses
One way to group the indicative tenses is by the stem. Another is by ___.
time
The ___ and ___ tenses are called primary tenses. The Latin primary tenses are ___.
present; future; present, future, future perfect
The ___ tenses are called secondary tenses. The Latin secondary tenses are ___.
past; imperfect, perfect, pluperfect
In indirect questions, the subjunctive is translated using ___ meanings.
subjunctive
The Latin word for when is ___. Clauses beginning with when are called ___ in Latin.
cum; cum-clauses
The conjugation of possum is easy to remember: if a form of sum begins with s, prefix ___; if a form of sum begins with e, prefix ___.
pos-; pot-
Verbals are formed from ___ that are used as other parts of speech.
verbs
A participle is a/an ___.
verbal adjective
How may participles are there in Latin? ___ Name them.
3; perfect passive, future active, and present active
The future active participle is formed by dropping ___ from the perfect passive participle and adding ___.
-us; -urus
The future active participle is a ___ declension adjective.
1st/2nd
The present active participle is formed by adding the following endings to the ___ stem: ___ in the 1st/2nd conjugations; ___ in the 3rd, 3rd io, and 4th conjugations.
present; -ns; -ens
The present participle is a ___ declension adjective of ___ termination.
3rd; one
What case and number of the present participle does not have the usual case ending? What is the usual ending? What ending does the present participle have?
ablative singular; -i; -e
As an adjective, a participle agrees with its noun or pronoun in ___.
gender, number, and case
As a verb, a participle has ___ and ___.
tense; voice
An infinitive is a ___.
verbal noun
As a noun, an infinitive is ___ in gender, ___ in number, and ___
neuter; singular; indeclinable
As verbs, infinitives have ___ and ___.
tense; voice
A/an ___ statement is a statement reported by someone else.
indirect
Indirect statements are often introduced by the word ___, but not always.
that
Indirect statements are ___ clauses, and are introduced by a verb of ___.
subordinate; speaking, thinking, or perceiving
An indirect statement in Latin is indicated by the ___ construction, which 1) changes the verb to a/an ___, and 2) puts the subject in the ___ case
accusative with infinitive; infinitive; accusative
How many infinitives are there in Latin? How many are active? How many are passive?
6; 3; 3
Like participles, infinitives have tense and voice, and only exist in three tenses: ___.
persent, perfect, and future
The perfect active infinitive is formed by adding ___ to the ___ stem. The future active infinitive is a compound of the ___ and ___. The perfect passive infinitive is a compound of the ___ and ___.
-isse; perfect; future active participle; esse; perfect passive participle; esse
Indirect statements use the ___ in the subordinate clause.
infinitive
The verbs in a sentence with an indirect statement must correspond. Use the ___ infinitive if the action takes place at the same time as the main verb. Use the ___ infinitive if the action takes place before the main verb. Use the ___ infinitive if the action takes place after the main verb.
present; perfect; future
When used in an indirect statement, an impersonal verb is changed to a/an infinitive and the subject, which had been indicated by the personal ending, is ___.
infinitive; omitted
In the sentence “It rains,” the word it is a/an ___ subject without reference to a real person or thing.
grammatical
___ verbs do not have a personal subject.
Impersonal
As with indirect questions, the translation of the subordinate clause verb (i.e., the indirect statement verb) will depend on whether the main verb is a ___ or ___ tense.
primary; secondary
To form the gerund, add ___ to the present stem of 1st/2nd conjugation verbs, or ___ to the present stem of 3rd/3rd io/4th conjugation verbs.
-ndi; -endi
What case is the gerund missing? What gender and number is the gerund?
nominative; neuter, singular
The declension of the gerund is identical to the ___ declension.
2nd
What other verbal noun have you learned? (besides the gerund)
infinitive
The infinitive is used in the ___ and ___ cases. The gerund is used in the ___, ___, and ___ cases.
nominative; accusative; genitive; dative; ablative
Is the gerund an adjective? In the sentence “I see the boy throwing a javelin,” what part of speech would you use to say throwing?
No; a present active participle
A gerund is a/an ___.
verbal noun
To form the gerundive, add ___ to the present stem of 1st/2nd conjugation verbs, or ___ to the present stem of 3rd/3rd io/4th conjugation verbs.
-ndus; -endus
What is the basic translation of the gerundive, using amo as an example?
to be loved
What word shows obligation in English?
must
The gerundive is a particple, a/an ___.
verbal adjective
The Romans showed obligation by using a ___ verb consisting of the ___ and a form of ___. This construction is called the ___.
compound; gerundive; sum; gerundive of obligation
In the gerundive of obligation, the gerundive will agree with the subject in ___.
gender, number, and case
An active English sentence that shows obligation must be rewritten in the ___ before translating.
passive
In the gerundive of obligation, the person who performs the action of the verb is expressed by the ___ case. This construction is called the ___.
dative; dative of agent
Instead of quam, the ___ without a preposition may be used to express a comparison.
ablative
Specifically, it (the gerundive) is the ___ and is declined like a regular ___ declension adjective.
future passive participle; 1st/2nd
The ablative can only be used instead of quam when the word being compared is in the __ or ___ case, and when the ablative would not be ___.
nominative; accusative; ambiguous
A deponent is a verb that has ___ but ___ meanings
passive; active
All deponents are conjugated exactly like the ___ of regular verbs
passive
Some of the ___ are exceptions. there are four ___ forms with the normal active meaning. Name these forms.
verbals; active; present participle, future participle, future infinitive, and gerund
What deponent form has a passive meaning?
gerundive
The dictionary entry for deponents is the same as for regular verbs, only in the ___.
passive
For deponent verbs, the stem of the imperfect subjunctive is identical to what the ___ would be if deponents had one.
present active infinitive
To say where you came from, use the prepositions ___, ___, or ___ with the ablative.
ab (a); ex (e); de
To say where you are going, use the preposition ___ or ___.
ad; in
When using words that have a locative case to say where you came from or where you are going, ___ the preposition.
omit
A semi-deponent is a/an ___ verb in the present system and a/an ___ verb in the perfect system.
regular; deponent
The present and future tense verbals, and the gerund, of semi-deponents have ___ forms and meanings.
active
The perfect tense verbals, and the gerundive, of semi-deponents have ___ forms and meanings.
passive
What is the Latin word for to go? Give the full dictionary entry.
eo ire ivi (ii) itus
The perfect stem of eo is sometimes shortened to ___.
i-
What is the Latin word for to bear? Give the full dictionary entry.
fero ferre tuli latus
With few exceptions, fero has regular ___ conjugation endings.
3rd
All irregular forms of fero occur in the ___ tenses of the indicative and verbals.
present
In the active voice, the subject ___.
performs the action of the verb
Which demonstrative means the famous when it follows a noun?
ille illa illud
The future perfect tense endings are identical to ___ except for the ___.
the future tense of sum; 3rd person plural
Most 4th-declension nouns are ___ gender, but two common exceptions are ___.
masculine; domus and manus
The preposition cum takes the ___ case, and when combined with 1st/2nd personal pronouns results in what forms?
ablative; mecum, tecum, nobiscum, vobiscum
The 3rd person reflexive pronouns in Latin are ___.
sui sibi se, se
The declension a noun belongs to is determend by the ___ ending.
genitive singular
Most 5th-declension nouns are ___ gender, but one common exception is ___.
feminine; dies
The reflexive pronoun reflects back on the ___, is always in the ___, and never in the ___ case.
subject; predicate; nominative
In a sentence with a purpose clause, the main verb is in the ___ and the purpose clause is in the ___.
indicative; subjunctive
A subordinate clause that uses the subjunctive is the ___.
purpose clause
The intensive pronoun in Latin is ___.
ipse
A subjunctive clause is made negative by using the conjunction
ne
Usually an adjective of ___ precedes a noun, and an adjective of ___ follows a noun.
quantity or size; quality
Verbs that can take a direct object are called ___ verbs, and verbs that do not take a direct object are called ___.
transitive; intransitive
Give the stem vowels for all four conjugations.
1st - a, 2nd - ē, 3rd - none, 4th - i
How do you find the stem of a Latin noun?
Drop the genitive singular ending.
The verbs in a sentence with a purpose clause must ___ in tense.
correspond
The perfect subjunctive is identical to the ___ tense expect for ___.
future perfect; the 1st person singular
The present system of the 4th conjugation is essentially the same as the 3rd conjugation with the addition of ___.
the stem vowel i
A participle is a ___.
verbal adjective
Latin does not have the English articles ___.
a, an, the
Do the possessive pronoun adjectives function like adjectives or pronouns?
adjectives
What are the two ways to show possession in English?
preposition of and ’s
In Latin the indirect object is in the ___ case.
dative
Some adjectives use their ___ forms as adverbs. These forms end in either ___ or ___.
Two examples are ___ and ___.
neutuer singular accusative; -um; -e
multum, fácile
What is the neuter rule?
nominative and accusative endings are the same
nominative and accusative plural ending is -a
Demonstrative pronouns can be used as both ___.
pronouns and adjectives
The indicative mood describes activity that is ___.
real, actual
The future perfect tense is built on the ___ stem.
perfect
Give the two neuter and two feminine nouns of the 4th declension.
Cornu and genu are neutuer, and domus and manus are feminine.
What English helping verbs translate the future perfect tense?
will have
Give the six common question words in English.
who, what, when, where, why how
The persent subjunctive is formed by ___ or ___ these vowels before the personal ending:
1st conj. ___
2nd conj. ___
3rd conj. ___
3rd conj. io ___
4th conj. ___
adding; changing
substitute e for a
add a
substitute a for i, o, u
add a
add a
The infinitive of the 4th conjugation is
-ire
Give three vocative expressions that illustrate the vocative rule.
Et tu, Brute?
Benedic Dómine nos
fili mi
The perfect tense is built on the ___ stem.
perfect
Give two prepositions that can either take the ablative or the accusative case.
in, sub
Give an exampole of degrees of comparison in English using the adjective great.
great, greater, greatest
The stem vowel of the 2nd conjugation is ___.
ē
Give the five vowel letters and their long sounds in Latin.
a, e, i, o, u
/ah/ /ay/ /ee/ /oh/ ōō/
In Enlgish, some adjectives require a ___ to complete their thought.
prepositional phrase
The perfect system is ___ regular in all four conjugations.
perfectly
What are the two types of direct questions?
1) questions introduced by question words
2) questions answered with a yes or no
The 3rd person reflexive pronoun adjective in Latin is ___.
suus sua suum
Verb families are called ___.
conjugations
The genitive singular of the 5th declension is ___.
-ei
In Latin an adjective must agree with its noun in ___, ___, and ___, but not ___.
gender, number, case; declension
Give the names for the three forms of the English present tense.
simple present, progressive present, emphatic present
Verb familes are called ___, and noun families are called ___.
conjugations; declensions
Name the four verb complements you have learned.
predicate nominative, predicate adjective, direct object, indirect object
Give the Pronoun Agreement Rule.
A pronoun agress with its antecedent in gender and number, but its case is determined by its function in its own clause.
Draw the gender triangle
Gender Triangle
