FFL-4FL Grammar Review Flashcards
1
Q
The verb ___ can be used to mean ___ or ___ in the sense of existence
A
sum; there is; there are
2
Q
When sum is used to mean there is or there are, sum will be in the ___ person, and is usually the ___ word in the sentence or ___ the subject.
A
third; first; before
3
Q
Some nouns have plural forms only, but may have a singular or plural ___. A noun and its verb must agree in person and ___.
A
meaning; number
4
Q
Give two examples of Latin nouns that have only plural forms and meanings. Write the Latin and English.
A
liberi (children), arma (arms, weapons), hiberna (winter quarters), angustiae (when it means “difficulties”)
5
Q
Give two examples of Latin nouns with plural forms that have singular meanings in English. Write the Latin and English.
A
insidiae (plot, ambush), castra (camp), impedimenta (baggage, baggage train), angústiae (when it means “narrow place”)
6
Q
Some verbs may take two accusatives instead of one. One example is verbs that call someone something, where the something is called a ___ and the construction is called the ___.
A
predicate accusative; double accusative
7
Q
The place or location of something is in the ___ case.
A
locative
8
Q
Give the Locative Rule.
A
For cities and small islands, the locative is identical to the ablative except in the 1st and 2nd declension singular, where it is identical to the gentiive. It is translated by in or at.
9
Q
What two words are not cities or small islands, but have a locative? What are their locatives?
A
domus, rus; domi ruri
10
Q
When the ablative is used to show FROM WHAT PERSON someone or something has been separated, the construction is called ___ and requires the preposiiton ___.
A
ablative of separation; a(ab), de, or e (ex)
11
Q
When the ablative is used to show FROM WHAT THING someone or something has been separated, the ablative either ___ a preposition or ___ one of the above prepositions is used
A
without; with
12
Q
There are two types of clauses. An ___ clause can stand alone as a complete thought. A ___ clause cannot stand alone as a complete thought.
A
independent; subordinate
13
Q
The word ___ indicates a direct quotation. This word is always placed ___ the quotation and never ___ it.
A
inquit; inside; before
14
Q
A ___ pronoun begins a subordinate adjective clause and refers to a stated or understood antecedent. These clauses are called ___ clauses.
A
relative; relative
15
Q
The Latin relative pronoun is ___.
A
qui quae quod
16
Q
The relative pronoun follows the ___ Agreement Rule.
A
Pronoun
17
Q
Depending on where a relative clause is placed, a sentence may have two ___ in a row. the ___ verb after the relative pronoun usually goes with the relative pronoun.
A
verbs; first
18
Q
The genitive of qui quae quod is used to show ___ but functions as a ___.
A
posession; pronoun
19
Q
īdem is simply the demonstrative pronoun ___ with the suffix ___ added to the end of each form.
A
is ea id; -dem
20
Q
Forms of is ending in -m change the final -m to a/an ___. Give an example.
A
-n; eundem, eandem, eorundem, earundem
21
Q
Purpose clasues may be introduced by ut/ne or by a/an ____.
A
relative pronoun
22
Q
When a relative pronoun is used to introduce a purpose clause, the relative pronoun still follows the ___.
A
Pronoun Agreement Rule
23
Q
If a purpose clause is negative, ___ must be used.
A
ne
24
Q
What are the three Latin and English words for where?
A
ubi (where?), quo (whither), unde (whence)
25
A relative clause of purpose cannot be used if the relative pronoun would agree with the ___ of an ___ verb.
subject; active
26
What does whither mean? Whence?
to what place; from what place
27
An interrogative pronoun is a pronoun that \_\_\_. As a pronoun, it follows the ___ Agreement Rule.
ask a question; Pronoun
28
The Latin interrogative pronoun is \_\_\_.
quis quid
29
What Latin question word expects the response “yes”? ___ “no”? \_\_\_
nonne; num
30
The interrogative adjective is an adjective that \_\_\_. As an adjective, it follows the ___ Agreement Rule.
asks a question; Adjective
31
The Latin interrogative adjective is \_\_\_.
qui quae quod
32
The declension of the interrogative adjective is identical to that of the ___ except in the nominative masculine singular, where ___ is used to say what or which and ___ is used to say what sort of or what kind of.
relative pronoun; **quis; qui**
33
When we report a question instead of asking it directly, we are asking an ___ question. This type of question is a ___ clause.
indirect; subordinate
34
If a sentence has an independent and a subordinate clause, the verbs in the two clauses must coordinate with respect to \_\_\_.
time
35
The rule for this coordination is called the \_\_\_.
Sequence of Tenses
36
One way to group the indicative tenses is by the stem. Another is by \_\_\_.
time
37
The ___ and ___ tenses are called primary tenses. The Latin primary tenses are \_\_\_.
present; future; present, future, future perfect
38
The ___ tenses are called secondary tenses. The Latin secondary tenses are \_\_\_.
past; imperfect, perfect, pluperfect
39
In indirect questions, the subjunctive is translated using ___ meanings.
subjunctive
40
The Latin word for when is \_\_\_. Clauses beginning with when are called ___ in Latin.
cum; cum-clauses
41
The conjugation of possum is easy to remember: if a form of sum begins with s, prefix \_\_\_; if a form of sum begins with e, prefix \_\_\_.
pos-; pot-
42
Verbals are formed from ___ that are used as other parts of speech.
verbs
43
A participle is a/an \_\_\_.
verbal adjective
44
How may participles are there in Latin? ___ Name them.
3; perfect passive, future active, and present active
45
The future active participle is formed by dropping ___ from the perfect passive participle and adding \_\_\_.
-us; -urus
46
The future active participle is a ___ declension adjective.
1st/2nd
47
The present active participle is formed by adding the following endings to the ___ stem: ___ in the 1st/2nd conjugations; ___ in the 3rd, 3rd io, and 4th conjugations.
present; -ns; -ens
48
The present participle is a ___ declension adjective of ___ termination.
3rd; one
49
What case and number of the present participle does not have the usual case ending? What is the usual ending? What ending does the present participle have?
ablative singular; -i; -e
50
As an adjective, a participle agrees with its noun or pronoun in \_\_\_.
gender, number, and case
51
As a verb, a participle has ___ and \_\_\_.
tense; voice
52
An infinitive is a \_\_\_.
verbal noun
53
As a noun, an infinitive is ___ in gender, ___ in number, and \_\_\_
neuter; singular; indeclinable
54
As verbs, infinitives have ___ and \_\_\_.
tense; voice
55
A/an ___ statement is a statement reported by someone else.
indirect
56
Indirect statements are often introduced by the word \_\_\_, but not always.
that
57
Indirect statements are ___ clauses, and are introduced by a verb of \_\_\_.
subordinate; speaking, thinking, or perceiving
58
An indirect statement in Latin is indicated by the ___ construction, which 1) changes the verb to a/an \_\_\_, and 2) puts the subject in the ___ case
accusative with infinitive; infinitive; accusative
59
How many infinitives are there in Latin? How many are active? How many are passive?
6; 3; 3
60
Like participles, infinitives have tense and voice, and only exist in three tenses: \_\_\_.
persent, perfect, and future
61
The perfect active infinitive is formed by adding ___ to the ___ stem. The future active infinitive is a compound of the ___ and \_\_\_. The perfect passive infinitive is a compound of the ___ and \_\_\_.
-isse; perfect; future active participle; esse; perfect passive participle; esse
62
Indirect statements use the ___ in the subordinate clause.
infinitive
63
The verbs in a sentence with an indirect statement must correspond. Use the ___ infinitive if the action takes place at the same time as the main verb. Use the ___ infinitive if the action takes place before the main verb. Use the ___ infinitive if the action takes place after the main verb.
present; perfect; future
64
When used in an indirect statement, an impersonal verb is changed to a/an infinitive and the subject, which had been indicated by the personal ending, is \_\_\_.
infinitive; omitted
65
In the sentence “It rains,” the word it is a/an ___ subject without reference to a real person or thing.
grammatical
66
\_\_\_ verbs do not have a personal subject.
Impersonal
67
As with indirect questions, the translation of the subordinate clause verb (i.e., the indirect statement verb) will depend on whether the main verb is a ___ or ___ tense.
primary; secondary
68
To form the gerund, add ___ to the present stem of 1st/2nd conjugation verbs, or ___ to the present stem of 3rd/3rd io/4th conjugation verbs.
-ndi; -endi
69
What case is the gerund missing? What gender and number is the gerund?
nominative; neuter, singular
70
The declension of the gerund is identical to the ___ declension.
2nd
71
What other verbal noun have you learned? (besides the gerund)
infinitive
72
The infinitive is used in the ___ and ___ cases. The gerund is used in the \_\_\_, \_\_\_, and ___ cases.
nominative; accusative; genitive; dative; ablative
73
Is the gerund an adjective? In the sentence “I see the boy throwing a javelin,” what part of speech would you use to say throwing?
No; a present active participle
74
A gerund is a/an \_\_\_.
verbal noun
75
To form the gerundive, add ___ to the present stem of 1st/2nd conjugation verbs, or ___ to the present stem of 3rd/3rd io/4th conjugation verbs.
-ndus; -endus
76
What is the basic translation of the gerundive, using amo as an example?
to be loved
77
What word shows obligation in English?
must
78
The gerundive is a particple, a/an \_\_\_.
verbal adjective
79
The Romans showed obligation by using a ___ verb consisting of the ___ and a form of \_\_\_. This construction is called the \_\_\_.
compound; gerundive; sum; gerundive of obligation
80
In the gerundive of obligation, the gerundive will agree with the subject in \_\_\_.
gender, number, and case
81
An active English sentence that shows obligation must be rewritten in the ___ before translating.
passive
82
In the gerundive of obligation, the person who performs the action of the verb is expressed by the ___ case. This construction is called the \_\_\_.
dative; dative of agent
83
Instead of quam, the ___ without a preposition may be used to express a comparison.
ablative
84
Specifically, it (the gerundive) is the ___ and is declined like a regular ___ declension adjective.
future passive participle; 1st/2nd
85
The ablative can only be used instead of quam when the word being compared is in the __ or ___ case, and when the ablative would not be \_\_\_.
nominative; accusative; ambiguous
86
A deponent is a verb that has ___ but ___ meanings
passive; active
87
All deponents are conjugated exactly like the ___ of regular verbs
passive
88
Some of the ___ are exceptions. there are four ___ forms with the normal active meaning. Name these forms.
verbals; active; present participle, future participle, future infinitive, and gerund
89
What deponent form has a passive meaning?
gerundive
90
The dictionary entry for deponents is the same as for regular verbs, only in the \_\_\_.
passive
91
For deponent verbs, the stem of the imperfect subjunctive is identical to what the ___ would be if deponents had one.
present active infinitive
92
To say where you came from, use the prepositions \_\_\_, \_\_\_, or ___ with the ablative.
ab (a); ex (e); de
93
To say where you are going, use the preposition ___ or \_\_\_.
ad; in
94
When using words that have a locative case to say where you came from or where you are going, ___ the preposition.
omit
95
A semi-deponent is a/an ___ verb in the present system and a/an ___ verb in the perfect system.
regular; deponent
96
The present and future tense verbals, and the gerund, of semi-deponents have ___ forms and meanings.
active
97
The perfect tense verbals, and the gerundive, of semi-deponents have ___ forms and meanings.
passive
98
What is the Latin word for to go? Give the full dictionary entry.
eo ire ivi (ii) itus
99
The perfect stem of eo is sometimes shortened to \_\_\_.
i-
100
What is the Latin word for to bear? Give the full dictionary entry.
fero ferre tuli latus
101
With few exceptions, fero has regular ___ conjugation endings.
3rd
102
All irregular forms of fero occur in the ___ tenses of the indicative and verbals.
present
103
In the active voice, the subject \_\_\_.
performs the action of the verb
104
Which demonstrative means *the famous* when it follows a noun?
**ille illa illud**
105
The future perfect tense endings are identical to ___ except for the \_\_\_.
the future tense of **sum**; 3rd person plural
106
Most 4th-declension nouns are ___ gender, but two common exceptions are \_\_\_.
masculine; **domus** and **manus**
107
The preposition **cum** takes the ___ case, and when combined with 1st/2nd personal pronouns results in what forms?
ablative; **mecum, tecum, nobiscum, vobiscum**
108
The 3rd person reflexive pronouns in Latin are \_\_\_.
**sui sibi se, se**
109
The declension a noun belongs to is determend by the ___ ending.
genitive singular
110
Most 5th-declension nouns are ___ gender, but one common exception is \_\_\_.
feminine; **dies**
111
The reflexive pronoun reflects back on the \_\_\_, is always in the \_\_\_, and never in the ___ case.
subject; predicate; nominative
112
In a sentence with a purpose clause, the main verb is in the ___ and the purpose clause is in the \_\_\_.
indicative; subjunctive
113
A subordinate clause that uses the subjunctive is the \_\_\_.
purpose clause
114
The intensive pronoun in Latin is \_\_\_.
**ipse**
115
A subjunctive clause is made negative by using the conjunction
**ne**
116
Usually an adjective of ___ precedes a noun, and an adjective of ___ follows a noun.
quantity or size; quality
117
Verbs that can take a direct object are called ___ verbs, and verbs that do not take a direct object are called \_\_\_.
transitive; intransitive
118
Give the stem vowels for all four conjugations.
1st - **a**, 2nd - **ē**, 3rd - none, 4th - **i**
119
How do you find the stem of a Latin noun?
Drop the genitive singular ending.
120
The verbs in a sentence with a purpose clause must ___ in tense.
correspond
121
The perfect subjunctive is identical to the ___ tense expect for \_\_\_.
future perfect; the 1st person singular
122
The present system of the 4th conjugation is essentially the same as the 3rd conjugation with the addition of \_\_\_.
the stem vowel **i**
123
A participle is a \_\_\_.
verbal adjective
124
Latin does not have the English articles \_\_\_.
a, an, the
125
Do the possessive pronoun adjectives function like adjectives or pronouns?
adjectives
126
What are the two ways to show possession in English?
preposition *of* and *'s*
127
In Latin the indirect object is in the ___ case.
dative
128
Some adjectives use their ___ forms as adverbs. These forms end in either ___ or \_\_\_.
Two examples are ___ and \_\_\_.
neutuer singular accusative; **-um**; **-e**
## Footnote
**multum, fácile**
129
What is the *neuter* rule?
nominative and accusative endings are the same
nominative and accusative plural ending is **-a**
130
Demonstrative pronouns can be used as both \_\_\_.
pronouns and adjectives
131
The indicative mood describes activity that is \_\_\_.
real, actual
132
The future perfect tense is built on the ___ stem.
perfect
133
Give the two neuter and two feminine nouns of the 4th declension.
**Cornu** and **genu** are neutuer, and **domus** and **manus** are feminine.
134
What English helping verbs translate the future perfect tense?
will have
135
Give the six common question words in English.
who, what, when, where, why how
136
The persent subjunctive is formed by ___ or ___ these vowels before the personal ending:
1st conj. \_\_\_
2nd conj. \_\_\_
3rd conj. \_\_\_
3rd conj. **io** \_\_\_
4th conj. \_\_\_
adding; changing
substitute **e** for **a**
add **a**
substitute **a** for **i**, **o**, **u**
add **a**
add **a**
137
The infinitive of the 4th conjugation is
**-ire**
138
Give three vocative expressions that illustrate the vocative rule.
**Et tu, Brute?**
**Benedic Dómine nos**
**fili mi**
139
The perfect tense is built on the ___ stem.
perfect
140
Give two prepositions that can either take the ablative or the accusative case.
**in, sub**
141
Give an exampole of degrees of comparison in English using the adjective *great*.
great, greater, greatest
142
The stem vowel of the 2nd conjugation is \_\_\_.
**ē**
143
Give the five vowel letters and their long sounds in Latin.
a, e, i, o, u
/ah/ /ay/ /ee/ /oh/ ōō/
144
In Enlgish, some adjectives require a ___ to complete their thought.
prepositional phrase
145
The perfect system is ___ regular in all four conjugations.
perfectly
146
What are the two types of direct questions?
1) questions introduced by question words
2) questions answered with a *yes* or *no*
147
The 3rd person reflexive pronoun adjective in Latin is \_\_\_.
**suus sua suum**
148
Verb families are called \_\_\_.
conjugations
149
The genitive singular of the 5th declension is \_\_\_.
**-ei**
150
In Latin an adjective must agree with its noun in \_\_\_, \_\_\_, and \_\_\_, but not \_\_\_.
gender, number, case; declension
151
Give the names for the three forms of the English present tense.
simple present, progressive present, emphatic present
152
Verb familes are called \_\_\_, and noun families are called \_\_\_.
conjugations; declensions
153
Name the four verb complements you have learned.
predicate nominative, predicate adjective, direct object, indirect object
154
Give the Pronoun Agreement Rule.
A pronoun agress with its antecedent in gender and number, but its case is determined by its function in its own clause.
155
What does an adjective do?
An adjective modifies or describes a noun or pronoun.
156
How many of the seven basic sentence patterns have complements?
six
157
Three exceptions to the 1st-declension gender rule are \_\_\_.
**agricola, nauta, poeta**
158
**Nostrum** and **vestrum** are used for the ___ genitive.
partitive
159
The ___ implies a comparison among more than two persons or things.
superlative
160
Masculine and feminine nouns of the 3rd declension have ___ case endings.
the same
161
Give two examples of adjectives used as nouns in English.
the poor, the good, the bad, the ugly, the tired, the weary, etc.
162
**Nostri** and **vestri** are used for the ___ genitive.
objective
163
In what three respects does **hic** refer to something close to the speaker?
time, space, thought
164
What English helping verbs translate the Latin perfect tense?
have, has, did
165
Which demonstrative is also used as the 3rd person personal pronoun?
**is ea id**
166
The infinitive ending for all 1st conjugation verbs is \_\_\_.
**-are**
167
Give three translations for **amavi**.
I loved, I have loved, I did love
168
Give the three nominative singular endings for 2nd-declension masculine nouns.
**-us, -er, -ir**
169
When the action of the verb is performed by a NON-LIVING THING, the construction is called ___ and the preposition is \_\_\_.
ablative of means; omitted
170
The superlative adjective is declined like \_\_\_.
**bonus -a -um**
171
A deliberative question is asked in ___ or ___ and is expressed in English by the helping verb \_\_\_.
doubt; indignation; should
172
What is the first complement in this text?
the complementary infinitive
173
Latin often uses the ___ as a noun to describe a group of people or things.
masculine or neuter nominative plural adjective
174
How do you find the perfect stem?
Drop **-i** from the 3rd principal part.
175
The genitive singular of a 2nd-declension noun always ends in \_\_\_.
**-i**
176
Give the singular and plural imperatives of **sum**.
**es, este**
177
Name the two subgroups of the 2nd declension, and give their gender.
1. **-us** nouns with masculine gender
2. **-um** nouns with neuter gender
178
The tenses that make up the present system are \_\_\_, \_\_\_, ___ and they are built on the \_\_\_.
perfect, pluperfect, future perfect; perfect stem
179
Give the six attributes of a Latin verb.
conjugation, person, number, tense, voice, mood
180
To form the plural imperative of all but the 3rd conjugation add ___ to the singular imperative
**-te**
181
Give the Latin word for *we:* ___ for *us*:
**nos; nos**
182
A superlative adjective used to indicate degree rather than comparisons means \_\_\_.
very
183
Prepositions that express motion forward generally take what case?
accusative
184
Give the **three** exceptions to the **Vocative Rule**.
**meus** = **mi**
**deus** = **deus**
**Jesus** = **Jesu**
185
The ___ can be used to show purpose in English, but not in Latin.
infinitive
186
The subject tells
**who** or **what** the sentence is about
187
Some adjectives, especially of quantity and number, form adverbs with the \_\_\_.
accusative singular
188
Always in Latin and usually in English, c, g, and sc are _hard_ before
**a, o, u**, consonants
189
What are the two types of adjectives in Latin
1st/2nd-declension and 3rd-declension
190
The accent is on the ___ unless the ___ is marked.
penult; antepenult
191
Give the dative and ablative plural of **fília** and **dea**.
**filiabus, deabus**
192
What is an antecedent?
An antecedent is the noun the pronoun takes the place of.
193
What is *Sentence Pattern #2*?
Subject + Verb + Direct Object
194
The 4th principal part is a \_\_\_.
participle
195
To form the passive forms of the present system, substitute ___ personal endings for ___ personal endings.
passive; active
196
What is the difference between a phrase and a clause?
A phrase does not have a subject and a verb, and a clause does.
197
The degrees of comparison are:
positive, comparitive, superlative
198
Give the three moods of Latin verbs.
indicative, imperative, subjunctive
199
Nouns that name non-living things have ___ gender.
grammatical
200
The present system of 3rd **io** verbs looks exactly like \_\_\_.
the present system of the 4th conjugation
201
3rd declension adjectives of two and three terminations are changed into adverbs by \_\_\_.
adding **-****iter**or**-er** to the stem
202
The Latin comparitive is declined like a regular ___ noun.
3rd declension
203
What is Sentence Pattern #5
subject + verb + I.O. + D.O.
204
What English word adds an additional letter before words that begin with vowels?
a
205
Give two common indeclinable nouns.
**satis nihil**
206
What is the name of the 2nd principal part?
infinitive
207
The English infinitive is written with the particle ___ before the verb.
to
208
How many kinds of pronouns are there? Name them in pairs.
8: personal, possessive; reflexive, intensive; interrogative, relative; demonstrative, indefinite
209
What is the *to/for* case?
dative
210
To show possession in the 1st and 2nd person, use the possessive pronoun adjectives:
**meus tuus noster vester**
211
Adverbs stand ___ the verbs they modify.
before
212
What three declensions have nouns ending in **-us** in the nominative?
2nd, 3rd, 4th
213
Give the two voices of Latin verbs.
active and passive
214
Draw the gender triangle
**Gender Triangle**
215
Give the English forms of the *to be* verb.
am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been
216
The Naught Nine have irregular forms in what cases?
genitive and dative
217
The subjunctive mood is used mainly in \_\_.
subordinate clauses
218
Latin prepositions *govern* either the ___ or ___ case.
ablative; accusative
219
The subject and verb must agree in \_\_\_.
person and number
220
How can you know the gender of a 3rd-declension noun?
You have to memorize it.
221
What are the three complements covered in this text?
direct object, predicate adjective, predicate nominative
222
What is *Sentence Pattern #4*?
Subject + Linking verb + Predicate Nominative
223
Remember ___ for the 3rd conjugation imperative forms.
**surge, súrgite**
224
What is an appositive?
a word that follows a noun and renames it
225
When used togetherk, **ille** and **hic** mean, respectively, \_\_\_.
the former, the latter
226
Most 3rd declsnion nouns ending in **-us** are what gender?
neuter
227
The pluperfect tense is built on the ___ stem.
perfect
228
Four confusing words with the root of liber are \_\_\_.
**liberi liberorum** (children)
**liber libri** (book)
**liber libera liberum** (free)
**libero (1)** (to set free)
229
Define *pronoun*.
A pronoun takes the place of a noun.
230
What is the *subject* case?
nominative
231
Give three irregular singular imperatives.
**dic, duc, fac**
232
Some nouns have only plural forms. An example is \_\_\_.
**liberi liberorum**
233
If the verb of the main clause is in the present or future, the verb of the purpose clause is in the \_\_\_.
present subjunctive
234
The ___ is descriptive.
positive
235
The imperfect tense is used to describe an \_\_\_, \_\_\_, ___ or ___ \_\_\_action.
ongoing, repeated, habitual; interrupted
236
In Latin grammar, *perfect* means \_\_\_.
finished
237
Give the 2nd person reflexive/intensive pronouns in English.
yourself, yourselves
238
The genitive of 1st- and 2nd-person pronouns is used for ___ expressions that do not show \_\_\_.
of; possession
239
The future perfect tense describes what kind of action?
a future action that will be completed prior to another future action
240
Which cardinale numbers are declined?
**uno, duo, tres**
241
In Latin and English, hard c has the sound of
/k/
242
Give an example of Sentence Pattern #5 in Latin.
**Maria Marco rosam dedit.**
243
A comparitive adjective used to indicate degree rather than comparison means \_\_\_.
rather, too, more than the average
244
Give three translations for the Latin noun **mensa**.
table, a table, the table
245
The three ways in Latin to express this prepositional phrase are by \_\_\_.
case, preposition, infinitive.
246
Many 1st/2nd-declension adjectives can be changed into adverbs by adding ___ to the adjective stem.
**-ē**
247
Give two Latin words that have the long sound of the five vowels.
glória Jesu
248
Prepositions that expression location, no motion, or motion from, take what case?
ablative
249
What kind of verbs have indirect objects?
Give Latin examples.
giving and telling
## Footnote
**do, demonstro, núntio, narro**
250
What is the *in/by/with/from* case?
ablative
251
Soft c has the sound of ___ in English and ___ in Latin.
/s/; /ch/
252
In Latin the possessive noun is is in the ___ case.
genitive
253
A clause that cannot stand alone is a ___ clause.
subordinate
254
How do you write **cum** with the 1st/2nd-person pronuns?
**mecum tecum nobiscum vobiscum**
255
3rd-declension nouns that have a genitive plural in -**ium** are called \_\_\_.
**i-stems**
256
Forms of **is** and **ea** mean *he* and *she* when referring to \_\_\_, and *it* when referring to \_\_\_.
persons; things with grammatical gender
257
What kind of verb is never followed by a direct object?
the verb **sum**, the *to be* verb
258
What two Latin prepositions are similar to this word?
**a/ab, e/ex**
259
In English, many positive adjectives can be changed into comparisons by adding ___ and changed into superlatives by adding \_\_\_.
-er; -est
260
The 3rd person personal pronoun is \_\_\_.
**is ea id**
261
The Latin comparitive is formed by adding ___ and ___ to the stem.
**-ior**; **-ius**
262
3rd **io** verbs belong to the 3rd conjugation because their infinitive ends in \_\_\_.
**-ere**
263
The superlative adjective is formed by adding ___ to the stem.
**-issimus**, **-rimus**, or **-limus**
264
To what does the *case* of a noun refer?
the job (function) of a noun in a sentence
265
The genitive of **is ea id** is used to show ___ but functions as a \_\_\_.
possession; pronoun
266
How do you form *yes* or *no* questions in English?
by placing the helping verb first
267
What is the one irregularity in the present passive system of each conjugation?
1st conjugation - 2nd-person singular of future tense **beris**
2nd conjugation - 2nd-person singular of future tense **beris**
3rd conjugation - 2nd-person singular of present tense **eris**
3rd **io** conjugation - 2nd-person singular of present tense **eris**
4th conjugation - NONE
268
Give the three kinds of 1st/2nd declension adjectives.
regular (**bonus -a -um**), **er** adjectives (drop or retain the **e**), the Naughty Nine
269
A appositive agrees with its noun or pronoun in \_\_\_, and usually but not necessarily in \_\_\_.
case; gender and number
270
Numbers which indicate the order of things in a series are called ___ numbers.
ordinal
271
What is *Sentence Pattern #3*?
Subject + Linking verb + Predicate Adjective
272
How do you find the perfect stem for all four conjugations?
Drop the **i** from the 3rd principal part.
273
An adverb most commonly modifies a verb by answering the questions \_\_\_.
how, when, where, to what extent
274
Give two ways to use the subjunctive in an independent clause.
hortatory subjunctive and deliberate questions
275
The genitive singular of the 4th declension always ends in \_\_\_.
**-ūs**
276
The two basic parts of a sentence are \_\_\_.
the subject and the predicate
277
Nouns that name male or female persons or animals have ___ gender. Give three English examples.
natural; *sister, brother, father, queen, king, uncle, etc.*
278
How many conjugations are there? Name them.
four; first, second, third, fourth
279
Verbs have ___ endings and nouns have ___ endings.
personal, tense; case
280
The stem vowel of the 1st conjugation is \_\_.
a
281
The predicate tells \_\_\_
what the subject **is** or **does**
282
To form the singular imperative of all four conjugations, drop ___ from the infinitive
**-re**
283
Define *adverb.*
An adverb modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb.
284
Define *preposition.*
A preposition shows the relationship between its object and another word in the sentence.
285
The natural gender rule ___ all other gender rules.
trumps
286
Adjectives with stems ending in a vowel are usually compared with the adverbs \_\_\_.
**magis**, **máximē**
287
Give two uses of the demonstrative **iste**.
1) point out something close to the person spoken to
2) in contempt
288
Give the regular endings for the principal parts of 1st conjugation verbs.
**-o -are -avi -atus**
289
What English helping verb translates the pluperfect tense?
had
290
Many 3rd declension adjectives can be changed into adverbs by adding ___ to the adjective stem.
**-iter**
291
Give the four demonstrative pronouns.
**is ea id**, **hic haec hoc**, **ille illa illud**, **iste ista istud**
292
The three genders are \_\_\_.
masculine, feminine, neuter
293
What kind of pronouns point out persons or things?
demonstrative
294
Counting numbers are called ___ numbers.
cardinal
295
The genitive singular of a 1st-declension noun always ends in \_\_\_.
-**ae**
296
A clause is part of a sentence that has
a subject and a verb
297
What is the *of* case?
genitive
298
Something that completes the action of the verb is a \_\_\_.
complement
299
The 3rd conjugation does not have a stem with a consistent \_\_\_.
stem vowel
300
A clause that can stand alone is an ___ clause.
independent
301
Give the four attributes of nouns.
declension, gender, number, and case
302
Give three kinds of 3rd declension adjectives.
1, 2, 3 terminations
303
The usual word order for a Latin sentence is \_\_\_.
subject - direct object - verb
304
Give the names, from left to right, of the last three syllables of a Latin word.
antepenult; penult; ultima
305
What are the two ways to show an indirect object in English?
the preposition *to*; word order - the indirect object precedes the direct object
306
Give the **Vocative Rule**.
The vocative is the same as nominative except in the 2nd-declension masculine singular where **-us** changes to **-e** and **-ius** to **-i**.
307
In adjectives and adverbs, there are \_\_\_.
degrees of comparison
308
A deliberative question uses the ___ subjunctive for present time and the ___ subjunctive for past time.
present; imperfect
309
The present system is built on the \_\_\_.
present stem
310
The infinitive ending for 2nd-conjugation verbs is \_\_\_; and for 3rd-conjugation verbs is \_\_\_.
**-ēre**; **-ere**
311
Give two latin examples where an adjective is used as a noun to describe a group of people or things.
**multa** (many things), **nostri** (our men), **multi** (many people)
312
What English helping verbs translate the imperfect tense?
were, was
313
In English, other adjectives and adverbs are compared by means of the words \_\_\_.
more and most
314
Give the regular endings for the principal parts of 2nd-conjugation verbs.
**-eo -ēre -ui -itus**
315
The 1st person is the person \_\_\_.
The 2nd person is the person \_\_\_.
The 3rd person is the person \_\_\_.
speaking
spoken to
spoken about
316
An intensive pronoun ___ another word in the sentence.
emphasizes
317
How do you form *yes* or *no* questions in Latin?
Add the enclitic **-ne** to the end of the first word, usually the verb.
318
Give the three grammar persons.
first person, second person, third person
319
When the action of the passive verb is performed by a LIVING AGENT, the construction is called ___ and requires the preposition \_\_\_.
the ablative of agent; **a/ab**
320
3rd declension nouns ending in ___ are usually feminine, and those ending in ___ are always feminine.
**-o**; **-tas -tatis**
321
The superlative of regular adverbs is formed by \_\_\_.
adding **-ē** to the superlative stem
322
Although 3rd-conjugation verbs do not have regular principal parts, they do have ___ that will help you remember them. What is the pattern for verbs like **rego**?
patterns
**-o -ere -xi -ctus**
323
Give two indications a noun may be an **i-stem** and an example of each.
(1) same number of syllables in nominative and genitive - **collis collis**
(2) stem ends in two consonants - **pons pontis**
324
What sentence helps you remember the vowel changes in the subjunctive?
We beat a liar.
325
What is the *indirect object* case?
dative
326
A prepositional phrase consists of the preposition and its \_\_\_
object (and modifiers)
327
1st/ 2nd declension adjectives are changed into adverbs by \_\_\_.
adding **-ē** to the stem
328
Ther imperative mood is used for
commands
329
Give the 3rd person reflexive/intensive pronouns in English.
himself, herself, itself, themselves
330
Give an example of an ablative of means.
**Galli gládio superantur.** The Gauls are overcome by the sword.
331
The pluperfect tense endings are identical to \_\_\_.
the imperfect tense of **sum**
332
Name the cases in order.
nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative
333
The perfect tense describes what kind of action?
a one-time action completed in the past
334
If the verb of the main clause is in the past, the verb of the purpose clause is in the \_\_\_.
imperfect subjunctive
335
The ___ implies a comparison a comparison among more than two persons or things.
comparitive
336
How many declensions are there? Name them.
five; 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th
337
The active perfect and pluperfect subjunctives are built on the ___ stem by adding ___ and \_\_\_, respectively.
perfect; **eri**; **isse**
338
A vocative noun is often used with an ___ verb and usually is not the ___ word in the sentence.
imperative; first
339
In English, reflexive and intensive pronouns end in \_\_\_.
-self, -selves
340
A negative clause of purpose replaces **ut** with \_\_\_.
**ne**
341
In the 3rd conjugation, you must chop to the ___ to find the present stem.
root
342
The forms for ___ and ___ pronouns are identical in English, but different in Latin.
reflexive; intensive
343
How do you find the present stem?
Drop **re** from the infinitive
344
The tenses of the perfect passive system are ___ verbs.
compound
345
Why is the 3rd conjugation an old maid?
It has no bo's in the future.
346
The vocative case is the case of \_\_\_.
direct address
347
What English helping verb translates the Latin future tenses?
will
348
The subjunctive mood describes activity that is \_\_\_.
potential
349
3rd-declension adjectives are related to \_\_\_.
**i-stem** nouns
350
In Latin grammar, *imperfect* means \_\_\_.
not finished
351
In English *I praise* is the ___ present, *I am praising* is the ___ present, and *I do praise* is the ___ present.
simple; progressive; emphatic
352
The 1st/2nd person personal and reflexive pronouns are ___ in Latin.
identical
353
How many Latin tenses are there? Name them.
six; present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, future perfect
354
Give some English words that express the subjunctive.
may, might, let, should, could, would
355
The infinitive ending for all 2nd-conjugation verbs is \_\_\_.
**-ēre**
356
The indicative mood is used for
statements and questions
357
Give the two grammar numbers.
singular, plural
358
Which two tenses are missing from the subjunctive?
future, future perfect
359
Two nouns or pronouns compared using the adverb **quam** must be \_\_\_.
in the same case
360
The three tenses that make up the present system are \_\_\_.
present, imperfect, future
361
Give an example of the ablative of agent.
**Galli a Caésare superantur.** The Gauls are overcome by Caesar.
362
In Latin, **gn** is pronounced like \_\_\_. Give two examples.
/ny/; **pugno** (I fight), **magnus** (large)
363
In the passive voice, the subject \_\_\_.
receives the action of the verb
364
How can you remember the variable vowels in the 3rd conjugation present system?
AE in future, IOU in present
365
2nd declension **-er** nouns either ___ or ___ the **e** in the stem.
drop; retain
366
The imperfect tense sign is \_\_\_.
**ba**
367
What are the two kinds of direct objects covered in this text?
complementary infinitive, direct object in the accusative case
368
1st-declension nouns are usually what gender?
feminine
369
The *to be* verb shows \_\_\_, not \_\_\_.
existence; action
370
Give the 1st person reflexive/intensive pronouns in English.
myself, ourselves
371
Always in Latin and usually in English, c, g, and sc are _soft_ before
**e, i, ae, oe**
372
2nd-declension **-um** nouns are always ___ in gender.
neuter
373
The meaning of the subjunctive must be determined by the \_\_\_, but we will use the helping verbs ___ for recitation.
context; *may* and *might*
374
The hortatory subjunctive is used to express \_\_\_, \_\_\_, ___ and is usually translated with \_\_\_.
exhortation, indirect command, strong wish; *let* or *may*.
375
Give three reasons for using a personal pronoun in the nominative case (as a subject).
clarity, contrast, emphasis
376
The genitive singular of a 3rd-declension noun always ends in \_\_\_.
**-is**
377
Give the Adjective Agreement Rule.
An adjective agrees with its noun in gender, number, and case, but not declension.
378
What are principal parts? How many are there?
The forms that provide the stems needed to conjugate a verb in all its tenses. There are usually four principal parts.
379
The subjunctive mood is used for
potential action, such as opinions, purpose, and wishes
380
What is the *direct object* case?
accusative
381
What is the *possessive* case?
genitive
382
The genitive of 1st/2nd declension pronouns is used for ___ expressions that do not show \_\_\_.
of; possession
383
The comparitive of regular adverbs is the \_\_\_.
neuter singular nominative form
384
The pluperfect tense describes what kind of action?
a past action completed prior to another past action
385
2nd-declension **-us** nouns are usually ___ in gender.
masculine
386
The usual word order for an English sentence is \_\_\_.
subject - verb - direct object
387
What is *Sentence Pattern #1*?
Subject + Verb
