Neoplasms Lecture #2 Flashcards
Neoplasm
Cell growth that is not needed for normal development or replacement of dead or damaged tissue
What are the two types of neoplasms?
- Benign
- Malignant
List examples of benign neoplasms
- Cysts
- Fibroma
- Leiomyoma
What is cancer?
A group of diseases that have the following common characteristics:
- uncontrolled/unregulated cellular growth
- Invade into surrounding tissue
- Spread/metastasize to distant sites
Pathophysiology of cancer cells
Body cells are exposed to personal and environmental conditions that can alter how the cells grow and function
Proliferation - continue to grow regardless of need
Malignant neoplasms characteristics
- Rarely encapsulated
- Poorly differentiated
- Frequent Metastasis
- Frequent Recurrence
- Marked Vascular
- Infiltrative Growth
- Cells abnormal characteristics
Benign neoplasms characteristics
- Usually encapsulated
- Partially differentiated
- No metastasis
- Rare recurrence
- Slight vascular
- Expansive growth
- Cells fairly normal
Grading
cell differentiation
Compares cancer cells with normal parent cells
Lowest rating = 1 well differentiated or closely resembles normal cells
Highest Rating=4 or 5 Poorly differentiated or barely resembles normal cells
Staging
System for describing the size and extent of spread of malignant tissue; used to plan treatment and predict prognosis
Common types of cancer in whites
- Lung
- Prostate
- Breast
- Colorectal
Common types of cancer in asians
- prostate
- breast
- colorectal
- lung
- stomach
Common types of cancer in african americans
- prostate
- breast
- lung
- colorectal
- uterine
common types of cancer in hispanics
- prostate
- breast
- colorectal
- lung
What are the 3 stages of cancer development?
- Initiation
- Promotion
- Progression
Initiation
First stage in normal cells becoming cancer cells. Substances (carcinogens) change the activity of a cell’s genes so the cell becomes cancerous
Promotion
Second stage. If cancer cell growth is enhanced then a cancer tumor forms. Promoters enhance the development of the cancerous tumor that takes months or years to occur.
Promotors:
- Age
- Hormones
- Dietary Factors
- Cigarette Smoke
- Alcoholic Beverages
- Alcohol and cigarette smoking
- Prolonged, severe stress
Progression
Final stage. Tumor. Increased growth and triggers blood vessels to grow new branches into the tumor. Invades surrounding tissue. Implants at distant site (secondary tumors), metastasizes by breaking off from original group and spreading via circulatory system and lymphatic system
Prevention: Quit smoking
Smoking initates and promotes cancer. couseling services, hypnosis, acupuncture, self-help materials, medications (nicotine replacement), antidepressant (zyban), chantix
Prevention: Nutrition
Consume a healthy diet with emphasis on plant sources.
Prevention: Exercise
Adopt a physically active lifestyle. Adults: mod activity 30 minutes or more 5 days a week, mod-vigorous 45-60 minutes
children: 60 mins/day X 5 days
Prevention: Healthy weight
maintain healthy weight, lose weight if over weight, eat right
Prevention: Limit alcohol
limit consumption of alcohol
Prevention: UV exposure
- limit direct sun exposure midday
- wear protective clothing
- sunscreen spf 15 or higher
- skin self assessment
- wear sunglasses
- avoid tanning beds and sunlamps
Prevention: workplace
- follow OSHA
- use protective clothing
- review material safety data sheets
Prevention: stress reduction
- reduce stress
Prevention: other
- breast self exam
- testicular self exam
- screen recommendations
Seven Warning Signs of Cancer
- Change in bowel or bladder habits
- A sore that does not heal
- Unusual bleeding or discharge
- Thickening or lump breast/elsewhere
- Indisgestion or difficulty in swallowing
- Obvious change in wart or mole
- Nagging cough or hoarseness
