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Semester Two - Nursing 112 > Neoplasms Lecture #2 > Flashcards

Neoplasms Lecture #2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Neoplasm

A

Cell growth that is not needed for normal development or replacement of dead or damaged tissue

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2
Q

What are the two types of neoplasms?

A
  1. Benign
  2. Malignant
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3
Q

List examples of benign neoplasms

A
  • Cysts
  • Fibroma
  • Leiomyoma
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4
Q

What is cancer?

A

A group of diseases that have the following common characteristics:

  1. uncontrolled/unregulated cellular growth
  2. Invade into surrounding tissue
  3. Spread/metastasize to distant sites
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5
Q

Pathophysiology of cancer cells

A

Body cells are exposed to personal and environmental conditions that can alter how the cells grow and function

Proliferation - continue to grow regardless of need

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6
Q

Malignant neoplasms characteristics

A
  • Rarely encapsulated
  • Poorly differentiated
  • Frequent Metastasis
  • Frequent Recurrence
  • Marked Vascular
  • Infiltrative Growth
  • Cells abnormal characteristics
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7
Q

Benign neoplasms characteristics

A
  • Usually encapsulated
  • Partially differentiated
  • No metastasis
  • Rare recurrence
  • Slight vascular
  • Expansive growth
  • Cells fairly normal
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8
Q

Grading

A

cell differentiation

Compares cancer cells with normal parent cells

Lowest rating = 1 well differentiated or closely resembles normal cells

Highest Rating=4 or 5 Poorly differentiated or barely resembles normal cells

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9
Q

Staging

A

System for describing the size and extent of spread of malignant tissue; used to plan treatment and predict prognosis

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10
Q

Common types of cancer in whites

A
  • Lung
  • Prostate
  • Breast
  • Colorectal
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11
Q

Common types of cancer in asians

A
  • prostate
  • breast
  • colorectal
  • lung
  • stomach
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12
Q

Common types of cancer in african americans

A
  • prostate
  • breast
  • lung
  • colorectal
  • uterine
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13
Q

common types of cancer in hispanics

A
  • prostate
  • breast
  • colorectal
  • lung
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14
Q

What are the 3 stages of cancer development?

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Promotion
  3. Progression
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15
Q

Initiation

A

First stage in normal cells becoming cancer cells. Substances (carcinogens) change the activity of a cell’s genes so the cell becomes cancerous

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16
Q

Promotion

A

Second stage. If cancer cell growth is enhanced then a cancer tumor forms. Promoters enhance the development of the cancerous tumor that takes months or years to occur.

Promotors:

  • Age
  • Hormones
  • Dietary Factors
  • Cigarette Smoke
  • Alcoholic Beverages
  • Alcohol and cigarette smoking
  • Prolonged, severe stress
17
Q

Progression

A

Final stage. Tumor. Increased growth and triggers blood vessels to grow new branches into the tumor. Invades surrounding tissue. Implants at distant site (secondary tumors), metastasizes by breaking off from original group and spreading via circulatory system and lymphatic system

18
Q

Prevention: Quit smoking

A

Smoking initates and promotes cancer. couseling services, hypnosis, acupuncture, self-help materials, medications (nicotine replacement), antidepressant (zyban), chantix

19
Q

Prevention: Nutrition

A

Consume a healthy diet with emphasis on plant sources.

20
Q

Prevention: Exercise

A

Adopt a physically active lifestyle. Adults: mod activity 30 minutes or more 5 days a week, mod-vigorous 45-60 minutes

children: 60 mins/day X 5 days

21
Q

Prevention: Healthy weight

A

maintain healthy weight, lose weight if over weight, eat right

22
Q

Prevention: Limit alcohol

A

limit consumption of alcohol

23
Q

Prevention: UV exposure

A
  • limit direct sun exposure midday
  • wear protective clothing
  • sunscreen spf 15 or higher
  • skin self assessment
  • wear sunglasses
  • avoid tanning beds and sunlamps
24
Q

Prevention: workplace

A
  • follow OSHA
  • use protective clothing
  • review material safety data sheets
25
Q

Prevention: stress reduction

A
  • reduce stress
26
Q

Prevention: other

A
  • breast self exam
  • testicular self exam
  • screen recommendations
27
Q

Seven Warning Signs of Cancer

A
  1. Change in bowel or bladder habits
  2. A sore that does not heal
  3. Unusual bleeding or discharge
  4. Thickening or lump breast/elsewhere
  5. Indisgestion or difficulty in swallowing
  6. Obvious change in wart or mole
  7. Nagging cough or hoarseness

Semester Two - Nursing 112 (90 decks)

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