Lecture 7 - Integument Physiology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: at every body orifice, the skin is continuous with the mucous membrane located there

A

True

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2
Q

What are the 3 layers of the skin

A

1 - Epidermis
2 -Dermis
3 - Hypodermis

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3
Q

what are the 4 distinct cell types within the epidermis

A

1 - Keratinocytes
2 - melanocytes
3 - Langerhans cells
4 - Merkel cells

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4
Q

Keratinocytes

A

specialized epithelial cell

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5
Q

Melanocytes

A

pigment cells

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6
Q

Langerhans cells

A

specialized macrophage (local immunity)

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7
Q

Merkel cells

A

specialized sensory cells

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8
Q

What regulatory role does the dermis play

A

regulation of cell growth, proliferation, adhesion, migration, differentiation, and wound healing

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9
Q

What insoluble fibers are found in the dermis

A

collagen, elastin, macromolecules

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10
Q

T/F: many of the functions of the skin are performed in the dermis

A

True

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11
Q

For some functional reasons, there is no subcutis in some areas. what are these areas?

A

Lip, cheek, eyelid, external ear, anus

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12
Q

the hypodermis is 90% ______

A

triglyceride

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13
Q

What are the 6 functions of the skin

A

1 - Physical barrier
2 - Immune defense against external threats
3 - metabolic functions
4 - Indicator
5 - Sensory perception
6 - Thermoregulation

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14
Q

Physical barrier

A

Exclusion of external injurious agents and retention of necessary water, electrolytes, etc.

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15
Q

Immune defense against external threats

A

external microorganisms with antimicrobial and antifungal properties

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16
Q

metabolic functions

A

storage of nutrients and fluid
excretion of waste byproducts
vitamin D metabolism

17
Q

what is the active form of vitamin D

A

calcitriol (1,25 hydroxyvitamin D)

18
Q

Summarize Vitamin D metabolism

A

1 - Vitamin D3 is formed from pro-D3 via pre-D3 on exposure to sunlight
2 - binding protein in plasma translocates D3 into circulation
3 - D3 is hydroxylated in the liver
4 - hydroxylated again in the kidneys to the final product

19
Q

Indicator

A

general health or internal disease
camouflage
sexual dimorphism
olfactory cues

20
Q

Sensory perception

A

Via Merkel cells and somatic sensory

21
Q

How does the skin support thermoregulation?

A

supports haircoat
regulates the cutaneous blood supply
sweat gland functions

22
Q

How does the body attempt to raise basal temperature?

A

piloerection (hair standing on end) for trapping air
vasoconstriction brings blood toward the core
shivering
breakdown of brown fat

23
Q

What is the critical temperature?

A

the external temp at which internal heating mechanisms cannot maintain a constant body temp

24
Q

Brown fat has an increased _______ and ______

A

blood supply; mitochondria

25
How does the body attempt to lower basal temperature?
vasodilation (brings blood closer to the skin for radiational loss of heat) evaporative cooling
26
heat transfer from an animal to a cool surface is called
conduction
27
heat transferred from the animal to the environment
radiation
28
heat loss from the movement of air
convection
29
heat loss that occurs when water becomes a gas
evaporation
30
what environmental temperature rises respiratory rate in cats and dogs
cat: 90 dog: 81-84
31
what is respiratory alkalosis? a. the dangerous lowering of CO2 in the body b. disruption in the blood-gas equilibrium c. both a and b
c
32
What animal produces watery saliva as an additional cooling mechanism
cats