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Form & Function 1 > Lecture 34 - Synapses > Flashcards

Lecture 34 - Synapses Flashcards

1
Q

What is a synapse

A

junctions that mediate transfer of information

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2
Q

pre-synaptic

A

neuron conducting impulse towards synapse (sender)

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3
Q

post-synaptic

A

neuron conducting impulse away from the synapse (receiver)

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4
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

space between neurons

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5
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical messenger of electrical impulse across synaptic cleft

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6
Q

receptor region of postsynaptic neuron

A

receives neurotransmitters via specialized receptors

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6
Q

what is the most common type of synapse

A

chemical synapse

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7
Q

Electrical synapse

A

neurons are electrically couples and joint by gap junctions, can be bidirectional

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7
Q

axon terminal of presynaptic neuron

A

contains vesicles filled with neurotransmitters

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8
Q

what type of synapse is abundant in embryonic nervous tissue

A

electrical

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8
Q

what kind of communication is used by electrical synapses

A

rapid

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9
Q

Large neurotransmitters are made in _____ while small neurotransmitters are made in _____

A

cell body; terminals

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10
Q

what are considered large neurotransmitters

A

peptides

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11
Q

what are considered small neurotransmitters

A
  1. acetylcholine
  2. biogenic amines
  3. amino acids
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12
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

uptake, store, and release neurotransmitters
spherical, membrane-bound organelles

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13
Q

Summarize neurotransmitter release

A

1 - 3. Neurotransmitter synthesis and packaging in vesicle
4. formation of reserve pool vesicles
5. Ca2+ entry in response to AP
6. Vesicle mobilization to the active site
7. docking, fusion, and exocytosis of neurotransmitter
8. vesicle endocytosis

14
Q

Fusion of vesicle to plasma membrane depends on

A

SNARE proteins

15
Q

what acts as an intracellular messenger at the axon terminal

A

calcium

16
Q

What are the 4 steps for vesicle fusion

A
  1. Docking (at active zone)
  2. Priming (ATP dependent)
  3. Fusion (SNARE and calcium)
  4. Release
17
Q

when does signal termination occur

A

neurotransmitter levels fall

18
Q

how can neurotransmitter levels fall to terminate signals

A
  1. reuptake
  2. enzymatic degradation
  3. diffusion
19
Q

what are neurotransmitters classified by

A

function and chemical structure

20
Q

What 3 effects do neurotransmitters have

A
  1. excitatory
  2. inhibitory
  3. neuromodulatory
21
Q

what are the 2 actions of neurotransmitters

A
  1. direct (bind to channel)
  2. indirect (use of secondary messengers)
21
Q

give an example of inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

GABA and endorphins

22
Q

what determines a neurotransmitter’s effect

A

receptors

23
Q

give an example of excitatory neurotransmitters

A

glutamate, epinephrine, norepinephrine

23
Q

give an example of neuromodulatory neurotransmitters

A

serotonin and dopamine

23
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A
  • commonly used at the neuromuscular junction
  • synthesized by acetyltransferase
  • degraded by acetylcholinesterase
24
Q

Catecholamines are derivatives of what amino acid

A

tyrosine

25
Q

examples of catecholamines

A

dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

26
Q

serotonin is a derivative of

A

tryptophan

27
Q

histamine is a derivative of

A

histidine

28
Q

what are proven neurotransmitters

A
  1. glutamate
  2. aspartate
  3. glycine
  4. GABA
29
Q

Endocannabinoids

A

naturally occurring, lipid-based
neuromodulatory

30
Q

Purines

A

monomers of nucleic acid
adenosine/ATP

31
Q

Gas/Lipid neurotransmitters

A

nitric oxide, carbon monoxide

32
Q

Summarize what happens at the neuromuscular junction

A
  1. ACh binds to receptors on the sarcolemma
  2. Na+ flux
  3. action potential generated
  4. potential travels down T-tubules
  5. calcium release
  6. cross-bridge cycling
33
Q

how does tetanus cause a permanent excitatory state

A

invade inhibitory interneurons (cleaves SNARE protein)
vesicles don’t fuse

Form & Function 1 (55 decks)

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