Lecture 35 - Neurotransmitters

Question 1

Excitatory projection neurons produce

Answer 1

glutamate

Question 2

Inhibitory interneurons produce

Answer 2

GABA

Question 3

What are the 3 models of local circuits in the CNS

Answer 3

1. cortical areas
2. subcortical nuclei
3. Brain stem

Question 4

What do the subcortical nuclei include

Answer 4

basal nuclei
amygdala
thalamus
hypothalamus

Question 5

What are CNS drivers

Answer 5

Glutamate
GABA

Question 6

What are CNS modulators

Answer 6

Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
Serotonin

Question 7

What are PNS drivers

Answer 7

Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine

Question 8

T/F: norepinephrine is postganglionic

Answer 8

TRUE

Question 9

what neurotransmitter is excitatory in muscle but inhibitory in the heart

Answer 9

ACH

Question 10

what neurotransmitter is typically excitatory but inhibitory to retinal neurons

Answer 10

Glutamate

Question 11

T/F: excitation and inhibition in synapses are determined by neurotransmitters

Answer 11

FALSE - determined by receptors

Question 12

What are effector enzymes

Answer 12

cAMP

Question 13

Describe the Ionotropic channels response

Answer 13

rapid

Question 14

Describe NMDA receptors

Answer 14

• ionotropic
• ligand and voltage-gated
• requires glycine as a co-agonist
• mediates Na+, K+, and Ca2+

Question 15

what blocks the NMDA channel

Answer 15

Mg2+

Question 16

What is an example of a metabotropic receptor

Answer 16

G-coupled receptors

Question 17

T/F: Glutamate receptors are considered metabotropic

Answer 17

TRUE

Question 18

Class I Glutamate receptor

Answer 18

Phospholipase C and Ca2+ coupled

Question 19

Class II and II Glutamate receptor

Answer 19

adenylyl cyclase

Question 20

Will neurons activated by metabotropic receptors be slower or faster than ionotropic? why?

Answer 20

Slower - electrogenic response is slower than ligand

Question 21

what is UNTRUE about Glutamate receptors?

a. changes both pre- and post-synaptic potentials
b. expressed by astrocytes
c. did not evolve through glutamate-specific control systems

Answer 21

c. did not evolve through glutamate-specific control systems

Question 22

Gaba receptors are an example of

Answer 22

ionotropic receptors

Question 23

GABA-A receptors move

Answer 23

chloride

Question 24

GABA-A has an important agonist function in

Answer 24

tranquilizers (global depressants of CNS activity)

Question 25

GABA-A has an important antagonist function in

Answer 25

convulsants (stimulants of CNS activity)

Question 26

T/F: GABA-B is a metabotropic receptor

Answer 26

TRUE

Question 27

what does GABA-B influence

Answer 27

K+ and Ca2+

Question 28

what types of seizures can result from defective Na+ channels and GABA receptors

Answer 28

genetic or developmental

Question 29

what is the most common cause of seizures

Answer 29

disruption in the balance of inhibition and excitation

Question 30

T/F: tetanus works to break down SNARE proteins in the inhibitory interneurons and spinal cord

Answer 30

TRUE

Question 31

what are Renshaw cells

Answer 31

glycinergic interneurons targeted by tetanus specifically

Question 32

what is treated with an infusion of activated charcoal and acts as a glycine inhibitor

Answer 32

Strychnine