Lecture 65 - Acute Inflammation 1 & 2 Flashcards
what is inflammation?
response of vascularized tissue to injury
what are the 5 cardinal features of inflammation
- heat
- redness
- swelling
- pain
- loss of function
what is the descriptor for inflammation
-itis
what are the 3 purposes of acute inflammation
- increase blood flow to area
- produce exudate
- remove damaged tissue
what are the vascular events in acute inflammation
- alteration in blood flow
- increased vascular permeability
- chemotaxis of leukocytes
what vasodilator examples
histamine
nitric oxide
prostaglandin
what substances increase vascular permeability
histamine and bradykinin
what is the difference between fibrinous and fibrous
fibrous is chronic and long-lasting, whereas fibrinous is acute and temporary (and friable)
what are the 3 key clinical features of inflammation
- edema
- fibrin
- neutrophils
T/F: macrophages are the primary cellular mediator of acute inflammation
FALSE
summarize chemotaxis in 4 steps
- macrophages secrete TNFa and IL-1 to attract neutrophils
- neutrophils loosely bind to receptors
- chemokine secretion initiates tight binding
- diapedesis
what are the chemoattractants of neutrophils
IL-8, complement
what are the chemoattractants of eosinophils
histamine and IL-5
what are the chemoattractants of monocytes
fibrinopeptides, complement
define edema
imbalance of fluid among vessels, tissues, and cells
describe transudate
*loss
low protein/cells/specific holiday
decreased oncotic pressure/lymphatic drainage
increased hydrostatic pressure
describe exudate
*gain/edema
high protein/cells and debris
increased vascular permeability
serous exudate
protein-rich, cell poor
fibrinous exudate
fibrin components
catarrhal exudate
lots of mucus
suppurative/purulent exudate
lots of dead neutrophils
what are the 4 major protease cascade systems
- complement
- kinins
- coagulation
- fibrinolysis
what is the goal of the complement system
elimination of pathogens and harmful antigens
what are the 3 complement pathways
- classical
- lectin
- alternative
what is the product of all complement pathways
cleavage of C3 to C3a and C3b
how is the classical pathway activated
Ag-Ab complexes
how is the lectin pathway activated
mannose-binding to microbial carbs
how is the alternative pathway activated
bacterial surface structures
T/F: alternative pathway is fast
TRUE
define opsonin
substance that binds to a microbe or cell to increase the susceptibility to phagocytosis
describe the steps for complement to cause inflammation
C5a –> histamine release –> increased vascular permeability –> EDEMA
what are kinins
- small peptides
- inactive = kininogens
- bradykinin
- vascular permeability
what are the 3 roles of fibrin
- blood clots
- trap microbes
- scaffolding
what are the 3 cellular components of acute inflammation
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils/mast
describe neutrophils
primary responder
phagocytic
short-lived
what are azurophil granules
- myeloperoxidase
- lysozyme
what are specific granules
- lactoferrin
- lysozyme
what calls in neutrophils
IL-8
what are heterophils
neutrophil equivalent in “exotics” lacking myeloperoxidase
what are the types of eosinophilic reactions
- fungi
- parasites
- hypersensitivity
- certain tumors
what do eosinophilic granules contain
myeloperoxidase
major basic protein
what are the granules of activated mast cells
IL-5
histamine
serotonin
what activates mast cells
IgE
what are the 4 categories of cell-derived mediators
- vasoactive amines
- lipid
- cytokines/chemokines
- phagocytosis
describe vasoactive amines
- fast
- short-lived
- histamine
describe lipids
- arachidonic acid metabolites (eicosanoids)
- from cell membrane
- short-lived
what is the non-selective/traditional NSAID class
COX-1
inhibit homeostatic function and inflammation
what is the selective NSAID class
COX-2
inhibit inflammation
define cytokine
small proteins involved in cell signaling and play roles in the immune response
define chemokine
cytokine that promotes chemotaxis
what are the two ways IL-8 promotes neutrophil migration
- direct (chemokine activity)
- indirect (chemotaxis)
what is MCP-1? what produces it?
MCP-1 = monocytes chemoattractant protein produced by all cells
what is a respiratory burst
rapid release of ROS to kill internalized microbes
