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Form & Function 1 > Lecture 65 - Acute Inflammation 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 65 - Acute Inflammation 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is inflammation?

A

response of vascularized tissue to injury

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2
Q

what are the 5 cardinal features of inflammation

A
  1. heat
  2. redness
  3. swelling
  4. pain
  5. loss of function
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3
Q

what is the descriptor for inflammation

A

-itis

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4
Q

what are the 3 purposes of acute inflammation

A
  1. increase blood flow to area
  2. produce exudate
  3. remove damaged tissue
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5
Q

what are the vascular events in acute inflammation

A
  1. alteration in blood flow
  2. increased vascular permeability
  3. chemotaxis of leukocytes
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6
Q

what vasodilator examples

A

histamine
nitric oxide
prostaglandin

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7
Q

what substances increase vascular permeability

A

histamine and bradykinin

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8
Q

what is the difference between fibrinous and fibrous

A

fibrous is chronic and long-lasting, whereas fibrinous is acute and temporary (and friable)

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9
Q

what are the 3 key clinical features of inflammation

A
  1. edema
  2. fibrin
  3. neutrophils
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10
Q

T/F: macrophages are the primary cellular mediator of acute inflammation

A

FALSE

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11
Q

summarize chemotaxis in 4 steps

A
  1. macrophages secrete TNFa and IL-1 to attract neutrophils
  2. neutrophils loosely bind to receptors
  3. chemokine secretion initiates tight binding
  4. diapedesis
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12
Q

what are the chemoattractants of neutrophils

A

IL-8, complement

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13
Q

what are the chemoattractants of eosinophils

A

histamine and IL-5

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14
Q

what are the chemoattractants of monocytes

A

fibrinopeptides, complement

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15
Q

define edema

A

imbalance of fluid among vessels, tissues, and cells

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16
Q

describe transudate

A

*loss
low protein/cells/specific holiday
decreased oncotic pressure/lymphatic drainage
increased hydrostatic pressure

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17
Q

describe exudate

A

*gain/edema
high protein/cells and debris
increased vascular permeability

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18
Q

serous exudate

A

protein-rich, cell poor

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19
Q

fibrinous exudate

A

fibrin components

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20
Q

catarrhal exudate

A

lots of mucus

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21
Q

suppurative/purulent exudate

A

lots of dead neutrophils

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22
Q

what are the 4 major protease cascade systems

A
  1. complement
  2. kinins
  3. coagulation
  4. fibrinolysis
23
Q

what is the goal of the complement system

A

elimination of pathogens and harmful antigens

24
Q

what are the 3 complement pathways

A
  1. classical
  2. lectin
  3. alternative
25
Q

what is the product of all complement pathways

A

cleavage of C3 to C3a and C3b

26
Q

how is the classical pathway activated

A

Ag-Ab complexes

27
Q

how is the lectin pathway activated

A

mannose-binding to microbial carbs

28
Q

how is the alternative pathway activated

A

bacterial surface structures

29
Q

T/F: alternative pathway is fast

A

TRUE

30
Q

define opsonin

A

substance that binds to a microbe or cell to increase the susceptibility to phagocytosis

31
Q

describe the steps for complement to cause inflammation

A

C5a –> histamine release –> increased vascular permeability –> EDEMA

32
Q

what are kinins

A
  • small peptides
  • inactive = kininogens
  • bradykinin
  • vascular permeability
33
Q

what are the 3 roles of fibrin

A
  1. blood clots
  2. trap microbes
  3. scaffolding
34
Q

what are the 3 cellular components of acute inflammation

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. eosinophils
  3. basophils/mast
35
Q

describe neutrophils

A

primary responder
phagocytic
short-lived

36
Q

what are azurophil granules

A
  1. myeloperoxidase
  2. lysozyme
37
Q

what are specific granules

A
  1. lactoferrin
  2. lysozyme
38
Q

what calls in neutrophils

A

IL-8

39
Q

what are heterophils

A

neutrophil equivalent in “exotics” lacking myeloperoxidase

40
Q

what are the types of eosinophilic reactions

A
  1. fungi
  2. parasites
  3. hypersensitivity
  4. certain tumors
41
Q

what do eosinophilic granules contain

A

myeloperoxidase
major basic protein

42
Q

what are the granules of activated mast cells

A

IL-5
histamine
serotonin

43
Q

what activates mast cells

A

IgE

44
Q

what are the 4 categories of cell-derived mediators

A
  1. vasoactive amines
  2. lipid
  3. cytokines/chemokines
  4. phagocytosis
45
Q

describe vasoactive amines

A
  • fast
  • short-lived
  • histamine
46
Q

describe lipids

A
  • arachidonic acid metabolites (eicosanoids)
  • from cell membrane
  • short-lived
47
Q

what is the non-selective/traditional NSAID class

A

COX-1
inhibit homeostatic function and inflammation

48
Q

what is the selective NSAID class

A

COX-2
inhibit inflammation

49
Q

define cytokine

A

small proteins involved in cell signaling and play roles in the immune response

50
Q

define chemokine

A

cytokine that promotes chemotaxis

51
Q

what are the two ways IL-8 promotes neutrophil migration

A
  1. direct (chemokine activity)
  2. indirect (chemotaxis)
52
Q

what is MCP-1? what produces it?

A

MCP-1 = monocytes chemoattractant protein produced by all cells

53
Q

what is a respiratory burst

A

rapid release of ROS to kill internalized microbes

Form & Function 1 (66 decks)

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