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Form & Function 1 > Lecture 62 - Endocrine 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 62 - Endocrine 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what do pancreatic islets look like on histology

A

small areas of diluted stain

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2
Q

what are the four types of cells within pancreatic islets

A
  1. alpha cells
  2. beta cells
  3. D cells
  4. F cells
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3
Q

what do alpha cells produce? what is its job?

A

glucagon; increase blood glucose

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4
Q

what do beta cells produce? what is its job?

A

insulin; decrease blood glucose

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5
Q

what do D cells produce? what is its job?

A

somatostatin; increases blood glucose

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6
Q

what do F cells produce? what is its job?

A

pancreatic polypeptide; increases blood glucose

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7
Q

describe the structure of insulin

A

2 chains - A (short) and B (long) - connected by disulfide bonds

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8
Q

feline insulin is most similar to ____

A

bovine
“cats are like cows”

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9
Q

canine insulin is most similar to ____

A

porcine
“pups are like pigs”

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10
Q

summarize insulin control of blood glucose in 5 steps

A
  1. eat food
  2. blood glucose increases
  3. insulin released from the pancreas
  4. glucose uptake by cells
  5. blood glucose decreases
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11
Q

acute phase refers to

A

release of stored insulin

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12
Q

chronic phase refers to

A

release of newly synthesized insulin

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13
Q

what are the two theories of insulin secretion

A
  1. glucose interacts with cell surface receptors and triggers the intracellular secondary messenger system for exocytosis
  2. the above process is done intracellularly after glucose is in the cell
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14
Q

what is C-peptide

A

byproduct of insulin when proinsulin is split

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15
Q

what is the most common cell type in the pancreatic islet?

A

beta

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16
Q

T/F: canine and bovine insulin are most similar to each other

A

FALSE

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17
Q

T/F: insulin is an anabolic hormone

A

TRUE

18
Q

define anabolism

A

creation of larger molecules from smaller ones

19
Q

why is the liver important in the anabolic process

A

close proximity to the pancreas via the portal vein

20
Q

what is the storage form of glucose

A

glycogen

21
Q

what is the storage form of fatty acids

A

triglycerides

22
Q

what is the storage form of amino acids

A

protein

23
Q

what does insulin initiate (“GO”)

A
  1. glucose uptake by cells
  2. glycolysis
  3. glycogen synthesis
  4. protein synthesis
  5. intracellular ion movement
24
Q

what does insulin inhibit (“STOP”)

A
  1. gluconeogenesis
  2. glycogenolysis
  3. lipolysis
  4. ketogenesis
  5. proteolysis
25
Q

protein hormones are composed of ___ and their receptors are at the ____

A

amino acids; cell surface

26
Q

what are GLUTs

A

glucose transporters that facilitate glucose uptake

27
Q

an 8y/o spayed female mini schnauzer presents to the clinic for PU/PD, weight loss but good appetite. what is a good differential?

A

diabetes mellitus

28
Q

presence of glucose in the blood is

A

hyperglycemia

29
Q

presence of glucose spillover in the urine is

A

glucosuria

30
Q

absolute deficiency of insulin is similar to what in humans

A

type I diabetes

31
Q

insulin resistance (insulin produced but cells don’t respond) is similar to what in humans

A

type II diabetes

32
Q

T/F: insulin has a biphasic release pattern

A

TRUE

33
Q

what effect does insulin have on ketone synthesis

A

decreases

34
Q

what are the counter-regulatory hormones to insulin

A
  1. progesterone
  2. growth hormone
  3. epinephrine
  4. cortisol
  5. glucagon
35
Q

what other diseases could increase counter-regulatory hormones and lead to insulin resistance

A
  1. pancreatitis
  2. Cushing’s
  3. diestrus or pregnancy
  4. acromegaly
36
Q

what are the 4 functions of glucagon?

A
  1. decreased glycogen synthesis
  2. increased glycogenolysis
  3. increased gluconeogenesis
  4. increased lipolysis
37
Q

factors affecting insulin stimulation

A
  1. high blood glucose
  2. amino acids
  3. fatty acids
  4. glucagon
  5. incretins
38
Q

factors affecting insulin inhibition

A
  1. low blood glucose
  2. catecholamines
  3. somatostatin
  4. pancreatic polypeptide
39
Q

T/F: counter-regulatory hormones have a blood glucose-lowering effect

A

FALSE

40
Q

The most important insulin secretagogue in cats is

A

protein

Form & Function 1 (66 decks)

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