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Form & Function 1 > Lecture 66 - Chronic Inflammation > Flashcards

Lecture 66 - Chronic Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

chronic inflammation is defined as

A

more than 3-5 days

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2
Q

what 4 things can happen when acute inflammation fails

A
  1. progression to chronic inflammation
  2. fibrosis
  3. increased cellularity
  4. abscess formation
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3
Q

what 3 factors influence the outcome of failed acute inflammation

A
  1. severity of tissue damage
  2. the ability of cells to regenerate
  3. biologic characteristics that caused injury
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4
Q

chronic inflammation occurs because

A
  1. acute inflammation fails
  2. recurrent/extensive acute inflammation/injury
  3. unique biochemical characteristics of the stimulus
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5
Q

what are the 5 mechanisms to chronic inflammation

A
  1. persistence/resistance to phagocytosis
  2. immune cells cannot reach agent
  3. inability to kill via phagocytosis or enzymes
  4. genetic dysfunction of immune
  5. unknown
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6
Q

pathogenic example of:

persistence/resistance to phagocytosis

A

mycobacterium

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7
Q

pathogenic example of:

immune cells cannot reach agent

A

staphylococcus

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8
Q

pathogenic example of:

inability to kill via phagocytosis or enzymes

A

plant material

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9
Q

pathogenic example of:

genetic dysfunction of immune response

A

autoimmunity

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10
Q

pathogenic example of:

unknown chronic inflammation

A

canine granulomatous meningoencephalitis

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11
Q

what bacteria cause chronic inflammation

A

mycobacterium or Rhodococcus equi

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12
Q

what viruses cause chronic inflammation

A

equine herpesvirus and porcine circovirus

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13
Q

what fungi cause chronic inflammation

A

Aspergillus, Blastomyces, Histoplasma

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14
Q

what protozoa/parasites cause chronic inflammation

A

habronema and leishmania

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15
Q

what are the processes of inflammation

A
  1. cellular infiltration
  2. fibroplasia
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16
Q

T/F: cellular infiltration and fibroplasia occur independently of one another

A

FALSE

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17
Q

what cells are part of the innate immune response

A
  1. monocyte/macrophage
  2. NK cell
  3. eosinophil
  4. mast cell
  5. dendritic cell
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18
Q

what non-immune cells play a role in inflammation

A
  1. endothelial
  2. epithelial
  3. fibroblasts
19
Q

what are the 2 types of tissue macrophages

A
  1. specific organ/tissue (kupffer, alveolar, etc.)
  2. inflammatory-stimulated
20
Q

describe the role of monocytes in inflammation

A
  • migrate from blood to interstitium
  • rapidly differentiate
  • produce inflammatory mediators
  • process antigens for presentation
  • facilitate angiogenesis
21
Q

what cytokine stimulates macrophages for inflammation

22
Q

what cytokine stimulates macrophages for repair

23
Q

describe multinucleated giant cells

A
  • fusion of activated macrophages
  • GRANULOMATOUS
24
Q

describe natural killer cells

A
  • kills cells recognized as foreign
  • cytokine secretion
  • activate macrophages and dendritic cells
25
Q

describe dendritic cells

A
  • key APC
  • present in many tissues
26
Q

describe B lymphocytes

A
  • differentiate to plasma cells (antibodies)
  • elimination of extracellular microbes
27
Q

describe helper T lymphocytes

A
  • recognizes MHC II
  • different types activate certain immune responses
28
Q

describe T regulatory cells

A
  • immunosuppression
  • prevent uncontrolled inflammation
29
Q

describe cytotoxic T-cells

A
  • recognizes MHC I
  • kills cells infected with intracellular pathogens
30
Q

describe the 3 components of fibrosis

A
  1. proliferation of fibroblasts and endothelial cells
  2. deposition of collagen
  3. reduced collage degradation
31
Q

pattern of pyogranulomatous inflammation

A

neutrophils and macrophages
+/- multinucleated giant cells

32
Q

pattern of granulomatous inflammation

A

macrophages
+/- multinucleated giant cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and plasma cells

33
Q

pattern of eosinophilic inflammation

A

eosinophils
+/- fibrosis and macrophages

34
Q

pattern of lymphoplasmacytic inflammation

A

lymphocytes and plasma cells

35
Q

pattern of abscess inflammation

A

neutrophils and outer fibrotic wall

36
Q

what are the two types of granulomatous inflammation

A
  1. diffuse/lepromatous
  2. nodular/tuberculoid granuloma
37
Q

the development of granulomatous inflammation requires

A
  1. inciting agent
  2. host immune response
  3. interplay of cytokines, chemokines, and inflammatory modulators
38
Q

diffuse granulomatous inflammation

A
  • poor demarcation
  • widespread distribution
  • heavy intracellular burden
39
Q

what causes granulomatous inflammation

A

mycobacterium

40
Q

nodular granulomatous inflammation

A
  • well-demarcated
  • multifocal
  • central caseation
41
Q

what causes pyogranulomatous inflammation

A

Rhodococcus equi and Blastomyces dermatitidis

42
Q

T/F: myeloperoxidase will turn pus green

43
Q

what causes abscesses

A

staphylococcus and streptococcus

Form & Function 1 (66 decks)

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