Lecture 37 - Sympathetic Flashcards
What type of neuron is classified as unipolar
sensory neuron
what type of neuron is classified as multipolar
inter and motor neurons
the autonomic nervous system controls _____ functions while the somatic control ____ function
involuntary; voluntary
T/F: The autonomic system regulates the internal environment by maintaining homeostasis
TRUE
T/F: the autonomic system is typically one neuron
FALSE - two neurons
what has the most direct influence on autonomic functions
brainstem
what is considered the control center of the autonomic system
hypothalamus
what are the 5 main components of a reflex arc
- receptor
- sensory neuron
- integration
- motor neuron
- effector
what are the two differences between visceral and somatic reflex arcs
- visceral has two consecutive neurons in the motor pathway
- afferent fibers are located in the ganglia
where do the nerves of the sympathetic division arise
T1 - L2/3
what is the neurotransmitter for short preganglionic sympathetic fibers
acetylcholine
what is the neurotransmitter for long postganglionic sympathetic fibers
norepinepherine
what is the job of the sympathetic nervous system
prepare the body for physical activity/demand
- fight or flight
- E division
what is encompassed in the E division
exercise, excitement, emergency, embarrassment
what are the physical manifestations of the sympathetic nervous system
- increased heart rate
- dilated bronchioles
- glucose released from the liver
- sweaty skin
- dilated pupils
- shunting blood
cholinergic fibers release
Acetylcholine
adrenergic fibers release
norepinephrine
where are cholinergic fibers found
all ANS preganglionic axons
all parasympathetic postganglionic axons
where are adrenergic fibers found
sympathetic postganglionic axons (no sweat glands)
T/F: nicotinic receptors are always stimulatory
TRUE
where are nicotinic receptors found
preganglionic + cholinergic
what are the two classifications of postganglionic adrenergic receptors
alpha and beta
what is the term that refers to postganglionic cholinergic receptors
muscarinic
what are the 3 types of postganglionic receptors
- adrenergic
- muscarinic
- dopaminergic
T/F: the left kidney is directly innervated by the preganglionic axon
FALSE - adrenal medulla
what degrades norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine
monoamine oxidase (COMT)
T/F: there are 3 alpha and 2 beta classes of adrenergic receptors
FALSE - alpha has 2 and beta has 3
Gi is ____
inhibitory
Gs is ____
stimulatory
Gq is ____
stimulatory
adenylyl cyclase is involved with what G-coupled receptor subdivisions
Gs and Gi
phospholipase C is involved with what G-coupled receptor subdivisions
Gq
what is the location and effect of:
alpha 1/Gq receptors
location: sympathetic organs, blood vessels
effect: constriction of blood vessels and sphincters, dilates pupils
what is the location and effect of:
alpha 2/Gi receptors
location: vascular smooth muscle
effect: negative feedback, inhibits NE release
what is the location and effect of:
Beta 1
location: heart
effect: increase HR and force of contraction, stimulates kidneys
what is the location and effect of:
Beta 2
location: lungs, blood vessels serving target organs
effect: dilates bronchioles and blood vessels, relaxes smooth muscles
what is the location and effect of:
Beta 3
location: adipose
effect: lipolysis
sympathomimetic
mimics the sympathetic nervous system
sympatholytic
abates sympathetic
parasympathomimetic
summarize the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the eye
- relaxation of ciliary m.
- contraction of iris m. (mydriasis)
- decreased aqueous humor production
summarize the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the heart
- tachycardia
- positive chronotropy
- positive inotropy (contraction)
- positive dromotropy (automaticity and conduction of AV node)
T/F: the sympathetic system decreases digestive system functionality
TRUE
summarize the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the UGT
- promote renin release
- cause vasoconstriction
- decrease urine output
- inhibits voiding
- relaxes detrusor m. (urine retention)
- contraction of sphincter
what can be used to quantify sweat in horses
terbutaline (IDST)
how are eccrine glands connected to the sympathetic system
cholinergic - thermoregulatory
how are apocrine glands connected to the sympathetic system
adrenergic - emotional sweating
summarize the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the reproductive systems
- loss of erection
- uterine contraction
- ejaculation
