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Form & Function 1 > Lecture 54 - Ear and Eye Anatomy & Phys > Flashcards

Lecture 54 - Ear and Eye Anatomy & Phys Flashcards

1
Q

what species is the third eyelid an active protrusion

A

cat

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2
Q

what is the function of the third eyelid

A

spread tears over the cornea
contains superficial glands

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3
Q

what is cherry eye

A

prolapse of the superficial gland of the 3rd eyelid

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4
Q

T/F: Cherry eye is considered to be caused by a genetic defect

A

TRUE

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5
Q

T/F: excision is the most effective way to treat cherry eye

A

FALSE

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6
Q

____ of tear production is by the lacrimal gland while ____ is done by the superficial gland of the 3rd eyelid

A

60%; 40%

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7
Q

describe the anatomical structures of tear drainage

A
  1. dorsal/ventral lacrimal puncta
  2. dorsal/ventral lacrimal ducts
  3. lacrimal sac
  4. nasolacrimal duct
  5. rostral nasal cavity
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8
Q

what is the periorbita

A

cone of connective tissue and smooth muscle surrounding extraocular mm., nn., etc.

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9
Q

what structure completes the rim of the orbit

A

orbital ligament

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10
Q

the oculomotor nerve (CN III) innervates what muscles

A

dorsal, vental, and medial rectus mm.
ventral oblique mm.
levator palpebrae superioris

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11
Q

the abducens nerve (CN VI) innervates what muscle

A

lateral rectus mm.
retractor bulbi mm.

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12
Q

the trochlear nerve (CN IV) innervates what muscle

A

dorsal oblique mm.

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13
Q

what are the 3 tunics of the bulbus oculi

A
  1. external fibrous tunic
  2. middle vascular tunic
  3. inner nervous tunic
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14
Q

is the cornea or sclera avascular

A

cornea

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15
Q

what is the choroid

A

posterior part of the uveal tract, pigmented, and highly vascularized

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16
Q

what is the tapetum lucidum

A

specialized reflective layer that increases dim light vision

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17
Q

what two structures does the ciliary body connect

A

connects the choroid to the iris

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18
Q

give the components of the ciliary body and their functions

A

ciliary processes - ridges that extend from body

zonular fibers - connect processes to lens

ciliary mm. - contraction changes tension of lens

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19
Q

the constrictor pupillae m. is _____ and the dilator pupillae m. is _____

A

parasympathetic; sympathetic

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20
Q

what are the two major layers of neuroepithelium

A
  1. pigmented retinal epithelium (PRE)
  2. nervous layer (light receptors and transmitting neurons)
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21
Q

what are the 3 chambers of the eye

A
  1. anterior chamber
  2. posterior chamber
  3. vitreous chamber
22
Q

describe the vitreous chamber

A
  • gel-like
  • holds retina against choroid
  • constant in volume
  • not continuously replaced
23
Q

describe the external vestibulocochlear system

A

pinna to tympanic membrane

24
Q

describe the middle vestibulocochlear system

A

ear ossicles to inner ear openings
encased by tympanic bulla

25
Q

describe the internal vestibulocochlear system

A

receptors for hearing/balance/etc.
within petrous temporal bone

26
Q

what are the 3 ear ossicles

A
  1. malleus
  2. incus
  3. stapes
27
Q

what is the function of the eustachian tube

A

pressure equalizer
musculotubal canal

28
Q

what species is the septum bullae more prominent in

A

the cat

29
Q

what divides the tympanic cavity into two compartments

A

septum bullae

30
Q

what is the organ of hearing

A

cochlea

31
Q

what are the two components of the vestibular system

A
  1. semicircular canal
  2. utricle and saccule
32
Q

describe the sound pathway in 8 steps

A
  1. pinna
  2. external aoustic meatus
  3. tympanic membrane
  4. ear ossicles
  5. vestibular window
  6. cochlea
  7. CN VIII
  8. auditory pathways in the brain
33
Q

describe the route that soundwaves take to create auditory input

A
  1. ear canal
  2. tympanic membrane vibrates in response to sound waves
  3. malleus, incus, and stapes vibrate
  4. transmit to oval window of cochlea
  5. fluid movement in the cochlea creates nerve impulse
34
Q

what are the 3 chambers of the inner ear

A
  1. scala media
  2. scala tympani
  3. scala vestibuli
35
Q

which chambers contain perilymph

A

scala tympani and vestibuli

36
Q

what is the difference between perilymph and endolymph

A

endolymph is enriched with potassium for auditory receptor cell depolarization

37
Q

what is the organ of Corti

A

arrangement of hair cells in the cochlear duct

38
Q

where are vibration-sensitive hair cells located

A

basilar membrane

39
Q

T/F: depolarization occurs when deflection occurs towards the thickest cilium

A

TRUE

40
Q

what contributes to frequency detection

A

degree of specificity in individual hair cells

41
Q

what is the “place principle”

A

different types of hair cells responding to different frequencies of sounds

42
Q

summarize the vibration of basilar membrane in 5 steps

A
  1. sound vibrations in liquid cause vibrations of basilar membrane
  2. displacement of the organ of corti (displacing hair cells)
  3. movement of stereocilia causes depolarization (longest) and inactivation (shortest)
  4. glutamate is released
  5. transmitted into electrical impulse on the auditory nerve
43
Q

T/F: the auditory pathways are uniquely bilateral

A

TRUE

44
Q

list the innervations from the auditory pathway in the order in which they are innervated

A
  1. cochlear nuclei
  2. nucleus of the trapezoid body
  3. caudal colliculus
  4. medial geniculate nucleus
  5. auditory cortex
45
Q

the rostral (anterior) canal is important for what motion

A

sagittal plane; “yes” movement

46
Q

the horizontal canal is important for what motion

A

horizontal plane; “no” movement

47
Q

the caudal (posterior) canal is important for what motion

A

transverse plane; side-to-side

48
Q

what is responsible for detecting linear motion

A

utricle (vertical) and saccule (horizontal)

49
Q

otolith

A

crystals of calcium carbonate embedded in gelatinous mass

50
Q

T/F: vertigo and nausea are caused when the left and right vestibular nerves are both active

A

TRUE

51
Q

vestibulo-ocular reflex

A

semicircular canals exert control over the eye muscles so when the head is turned you can stay focused

Form & Function 1 (55 decks)

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