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Form & Function 1 > Lecture 31 - Nervous System Introduction > Flashcards

Lecture 31 - Nervous System Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the nervous system?

A
  1. sensory input
  2. integration
  3. motor output
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2
Q

Functions that can be controlled voluntarily are referred to as _____ and those that are involuntary are referred to as _____

A

somatic; autonomic

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3
Q

What two parts is the nervous system divided into? what do they encompass?

A
  1. Central (CNS) - brain and spinal cord
  2. Peripheral (PNS) - cranial nerves, nerves extending away from CNS
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4
Q

What are the two functional divisions of the PNS

A
  1. sensory (afferent)
  2. motor (efferent)
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5
Q

what are the two divisions of the efferent PNS

A
  1. somatic
  2. autonomic
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6
Q

the sensory (afferent) division conducts impulses from ____ to ____

A

receptors; CNS

think “arriving”

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7
Q

the motor (efferent) division conducts impulses from ____ to ____

A

CNS; muscles/glands

think “exiting”

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8
Q

the somatic system conducts impulses to what kind of muscle

A

skeletal

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9
Q

the autonomic system conducts impulses to what kind of muscle

A

cardiac + smooth

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10
Q

T/F: the parasympathetic division conserves energy

A

TRUE

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11
Q

where are afferent neurons located in regard to the spinal cord

A

outside

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12
Q

where are efferent neurons located in regard to the spinal cord

A

within ventral horn

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13
Q

where is the enteric system found

A

within the walls of the entire gastrointestinal tract

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14
Q

Myenteric plexus

A

found in muscularis externa of GI

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15
Q

Submucosal plexus

A

found in submucosa of GI

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16
Q

What are the two types of principal cells

A
  1. Neuroglia
  2. Neurons
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17
Q

Neuroglia (glial cells)

A

small cells that surround and wrap delicate neurons

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18
Q

Neurons (nerve cells)

A

excitable cells that transmit electrical pulses

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19
Q

Astrocytes

A

most abundant
cling to neurons, synaptic endings, capillaries

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20
Q

summarize the functions of:

astrocytes

A
  • support + brace neurons
  • exchange between capillaries and neurons
  • guide the migration of young neurons
  • control chemical environment
  • respond to nerve impulses
  • influence neuronal functioning
  • information processing
  • maintain blood-brain barrier
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21
Q

Microglia

A

small ovoid cells with thorny processes that touch/monitor neurons

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22
Q

summarize the functions of:

microglia

A
  • migrate towards injured neurons
  • phagocytize neuronal debris
23
Q

Ependymal cells

A

cuboidal to columnar
lines central cavities of brain and spinal column

24
Q

summarize the functions of:

ependymal cells

A
  • CSF production
  • facilitate movement of CSF via cilia
25
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

branched cells, few processes, wrap nerve fibers (“fried egg”)

26
Q

summarize the functions of:

oligodendrocytes

A

structural framework
produce myelin in CNS

27
Q

Satellite cells

A

surround neuronal bodies

28
Q

Schwann cells

A

surround nerve fibers
form myelin sheath in PNS

29
Q

What are the neuroglia of the PNS

A
  1. Satellite cells
  2. Schwann cells
30
Q

perineurium

A

thin connective tissue surrounding a cluster of axons (nerve fascicle)

31
Q

epineurium

A

thick connective tissue binding fascicles together

32
Q

what are the structural units of the nervous system

A

neurons

33
Q

what are the special characteristics of neurons

A
  • extreme longevity
  • amitotic
  • high metabolic rate
34
Q

T/F: neuron dendrites convey messages as graded potentials over long distances

A

FALSE - short distances

35
Q

What important activities take place in cell body (soma) of neurons

A

synthesize proteins, membranes, chemicals
contains nissl bodies (rough ER)

36
Q

nuclei

A

clusters of neuron cell bodies in CNS

37
Q

ganglia

A

clusters of neuron cell bodies in PNS

38
Q

Neuron Axon Hillock

A

projection from cell body to axon
summation site of action potentials

39
Q

EPSPs

A

excitatory post-synaptic action potential
increases chance

40
Q

IPSPs

A

inhibitory post-synaptic action potential
decreases chance

41
Q

What is the conducting region of the neuron

A

axon

42
Q

what do myelin sheaths do

A

insulation of axon that speed up conduction
broken up by gaps (nodes of ranvier)

43
Q

Multipolar

A

most abundant in body
major type in CNS
3 or more processes

44
Q

Bipolar

A

rare
sensory
2 processes - one axon, one dendrite

45
Q

Unipolar

A

PNS
T-like projection

46
Q

T/F: the most neurons are classified as interneurons

A

TRUE

47
Q

what is the main excitatory neurotransmitter of CNS

A

glutamatergic

48
Q

what is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of CNS

A

gabaergic

49
Q

what is produced in the PNS and CNS by cholinergic cells

A

acetylcholine

50
Q

what is produced mainly in the midbrain, hypothalamus, and olfactory bulb

A

dopamine

51
Q

Which term is used to describe signals from internal organs?

A

visceral

52
Q

After receiving a signal from another neuron, which outlines the path of an electrical impulse through a neuron?

A

dendrites –> cell body –> axon –> axon terminal

53
Q

True or false: Ependymal cells use flagella to facilitate movement of CSF

A

FALSE

Form & Function 1 (66 decks)

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