Lecture 55 - Neuromodulation Flashcards
what are high-order behaviors
- cognition
- reward and fear systems
- endocrine, reproduction
- arousal and sleep
- complex motor systems
what are neuromodulatory systems
clusters of neurons in subcortical and brainstem nuclei that secrete neurotransmitters through the CNS
what are neuromodulatory neurotransmitters
serotonin
acetylcholine
dopamine
norepinephrine
where do cholinergic projections originate
nucleus basalis
where do serotoninergic projections originate
raphe nuclei
where do norepinephrinergic projections originate
locus ceruleus
where do dopaminergic projections originate
substantia negra
what criteria do neuromodulators meet
- effects are secondary to glutamate and gaba
- projections are broad and neurotransmitters can diffuse beyond the synaptic cleft
- long-lasting
what does norepinephrine impact
alertness, concentration, energy
what does acetylcholine impact
arousal, short-term memory, attention, learning, reward system
what does dopamine impact
cognition, motor and reward systems, and endocrine function
what does serotonin impact
mood, affective responses, body temp, sleep
describe ACH neuromodulator receptors
2 classes (nicotinic and muscarinic)
describe dopamine receptors
5 subtypes (D1-5)
G-coupled
describe serotonin receptors
14 subtypes
G-coupled
5HT3 is ligand-gated K+/Na+
describe NE receptors
adrenergic (alpha and beta; g-coupled)
regulation of sleep is via what two secretions
hypocretin and orexin
what factors influence the functional influence of neuromodulators
- postsynaptic effects
- differential expression in distinct neural circuits
D1 and D5 _____ membrane potentials
increase
D2, D3, and D4 ______ membrane potentials
decrease
D1-2 are expressed by postsynaptic neurons in the ____ and have a role in ____
striatum; motor function
D1-5 are expressed ubiquitously in the ____ regions and have a role in ____
cortex; high-order cognitive functions
D3 and D5 in the ____ have a role in ____ and _____
hypothalamus; autonomic and endocrine functions
T/F: serotonin defects will result in repetitive behaviors
TRUE
