Lecture 2 - Cell Biology 1

Question 1

Describe the structural hierarchy of the body

Answer 1

Atoms - molecules - organelles - cells - tissues - organs - organ systems - organism

Question 2

A Magic Orange Cat Turned Over Only Oranges

Answer 2

Atoms - molecules - organelles - cells - tissues - organs - organ systems - organism

Question 3

What do organelles allow the cell to do

Answer 3

grow, divide, and specialize

Question 4

What organism is the “city hall” of the cell

Answer 4

Nucleus

Question 5

Properties of the nucleus

Answer 5

responsible for DNA storage and transcription

within nuclear envelope

Question 6

What is the “powerhouse”/electrical grid of the cell

Answer 6

Mitochondria

Question 7

Properties of the Mitochondria

Answer 7

ATP production

of mitochondria represent metabolic demand

self-replicating

Question 8

What is the “primary production plant” of the cell

Answer 8

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 9

Properties of Rough ER

Answer 9

contain ribosomes for protein synthesis

continuous w/ nuclear envelope

Question 10

What is the “accessory power plant” of the cell

Answer 10

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 11

Properties of the Smooth ER

Answer 11

Lipid and steroid synthesis

detoxification of the cell

Question 12

What cell has abundant smooth ER

Answer 12

Liver

Question 13

What is the “post office” of the cell

Answer 13

Golgi Apparatus

Question 14

Properties of the Golgi Apparatus

Answer 14

packages proteins in vesicles

determines destination based on sugar “tag” - important for specialization

Question 15

What is the “recycling center” of the cell

Answer 15

Lysosome

Question 16

Properties of the lysosome

Answer 16

hydrolyzes substances that cross the cell membrane

Question 17

What is important about the enzymes in lysosomes

Answer 17

the enzymes need a lower pH to be activated whereas the cell environment is more neutral - protective

Question 18

What is the “thrift store” of the cell?

Answer 18

Peroxisome

Question 19

Properties of the peroxisome

Answer 19

Degrades fatty acids and reactive oxygen species

Question 20

Functions of the cell membrane

Answer 20

1 - Exclusion
2 - Consumption
3 - Excretion
4 - Communication

Question 21

What are the primary components of the plasma membrane

Answer 21

1 - phospholipids
2 - cholesterol
3 - proteins
4 - carbohydrates

Question 22

Cholesterol

Answer 22

Interspersed in phospholipid belayer

Maintains fluidity of membranes in fluctuating temperatures

Question 23

What two categories are membranes divided into

Answer 23

Integral and peripheral

Question 24

Integral proteins

Answer 24

At least one hydrophobic region which anchors within membrane

Transmembrane passes all the way through

Question 25

Peripheral proteins

Answer 25

Inside or outside Facilitate communication and coordination

Question 26

Carbohydrates found on the cell membrane are called

Answer 26

Glycolipids and glycoproteins

Question 27

What are carbohydrates on the cell membrane important for

Answer 27

Intercellular communication and recognition

Question 28

What are the two categories of cellular transport

Answer 28

Passive (no energy needed) and active (energy required)

Question 29

Simple diffusion

Answer 29

Movement of molecules down their concentration across diets the cell membrane

Question 30

Osmosis

Answer 30

Diffusion of water molecules from low solvent concentration to high solvent concentration

Question 31

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 31

Requires a membrane transport channel protein

Question 32

Primary active transport

Answer 32

Direct utilization of ATP to move particles against their concentration gradient Sodium-potassium pump

Question 33

Secondary active transport

Answer 33

Using the energy of one particle down its gradient to power transport of a particle against its gradient

Question 34

Symporters

Answer 34

Both molecules move in same direction

Question 35

Antiporter

Answer 35

Move molecules in opposite directions

Question 36

Functions of cytoskeleton

Answer 36

1 - Supporting membrane and providing the cell its shape 2 - arranging organelles 3 - provides infrastructure for vesicular movement 4 - allows cell to move

Question 37

Microfilaments

Answer 37

Edge of cytoplasm Cellular movement, structure, and tracks for transport

Question 38

Intermediate filaments

Answer 38

Specialized to bear tension and maintain shape of cell

Question 39

Microtubules

Answer 39

Largest fiber Resist compression forces, aid in vesicular transport, form spindle in mitosis

Question 40

Types of cell adhesion

Answer 40

1 - gap junctions 2- tight junctions 3 - desmosomes

Question 41

Gap junction

Answer 41

Transmembrane proteins aligned between two adjacent cells Forms aqueous channel Ex: heart muscle cells

Question 42

Tight junctions

Answer 42

Connection points between cells that create a waterproof barrier Ex: bladder lining

Question 43

Desmosomes

Answer 43

Spot welds Complexes of proteins that allow tissue to stretch w/o tearing

Question 44

Germ layers from innermost to outermost

Answer 44

Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

Question 45

Endoderm

Answer 45

Inner gi and pulmonary

Question 46

Mesoderm

Answer 46

Muscle + connective tissues