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My Flashcards Year 2 > Haem- anaemia > Flashcards

Haem- anaemia Flashcards

1
Q

anaemia

A

decrease in haemoglobin in the blood

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2
Q

anaemia in adult males level

A

Hb <130 g/l

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3
Q

anaemia in adult females level

A

Hb <120g/l

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4
Q

normal response to anaemia

A

make more red cells- reticulocytosis

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5
Q

reticulocytes

A

cells that have just left the bone marrow

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6
Q

size of reticulocytes

A

larger than average red cells

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7
Q

reticulocytes stain-

A

purple/deep red

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8
Q

symptoms of anaemia

A

breathlessness
palpitations
headaches
faintness
fatigue

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9
Q

microcytic anaemia

A

anaemia caused by deficient haemoglobin synthesis (cytoplasmic defect)

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10
Q

most common cause of microcytic anaemia

A

iron deficiency

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11
Q

which cytokine is released due to chronic disease and causes anaemia

A

IL6

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12
Q

Sideroblastic anaemia

A

excess iron buildup in mitochondria due to failure to incorportae iron into haem

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13
Q

iron deficiency more likely in who

A

women and children

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14
Q

causes of iron deficiency

A

dietary factors
losing too much- bleeding
not absorbing enough- malabsorption

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15
Q

clinical features of iron deficiency (longstanding)

A
  • Brittle nails
  • Spoon-shaped nails (koilonychia)
  • Atrophy of the papillae of the tongue
  • Angular stomatitis
  • Brittle hair
  • Dysphagia and glottitis
  • Generalised pruritis
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16
Q

megaloblastic anaemia

A

anemia characterized by the presence of abnormally large red blood cells (megaloblasts) in the bone marrow and peripheral blood

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17
Q

Pernicious anaemia

A

autoimmune condition with resulting destruction of gastric parietal cells- B12 deficiency

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18
Q

sources of B12

A

animals

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19
Q

sources of folate

A

Liver, leafy veg, fortified cereals

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20
Q

where is B12 absorbed

A

ileum

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21
Q

where is folate absorbed

A

Duodenum and jejunum

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22
Q

daily requirement of B12

A

1.5ug/day

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23
Q

daily requirement of folate

A

200ug/day

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24
Q

clinical features of B12/folate deficiency

A

anaemia symptoms
weight loss, diarrhoea, infertility
sore tongue, jaundice
neurological problems

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25
Q

thalassaemia

A

autosomal recessive inherited disorders of haemoglobin, causing reduced global chain synthesis, resulting in impaired haemoglobin production

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26
Q

common conditions causing anaemia of chronic disease

A

cancer
rheumatoid arthritis

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27
Q

patients diagnosed with microcytic anaemia with red flags for colorectal cancer are given :

A

FIT test- then may be referred for urgent colonoscopy

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28
Q

low ferritin in which type of anaemia

A

iron deficiency

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29
Q

% saturation of transferrin is reduced in which types of anaemia

A

iron deficiency anaemia
anaemia of chronic disease

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30
Q

common cause of B12 deficiency

A

veganism

31
Q

most common causes of megaloblastic anaemia

A

B12 deficiency
follate deficiency

32
Q

which autoantibody confirms the diagnosis of megaloblastic anaemia

A

Anti intrinsic factor

33
Q

blood film findings in megaloblastic anaemia

A

macrovalocytes
hypersegmented nucleus

34
Q

clinical features of alpha thalassaemia

A

fatigue
jaundice
facial bone deformities

35
Q

oral iron replacement therapy drugs

A

ferrous sulfate
ferrous gluconate
ferrous fumarate

36
Q

how long before meals and taking other medications should oral iron supplements be taken

A

at least 30 mins before a meal
2 hours before taking other meds

37
Q

what should you avoid taking iron supplements with

A

milk
caffeine
calcium
antacids
high fibre foods

38
Q

what is pernicious anaemia associated with

A

atrophic gastritis
family history pf other autoimmune disorders eg hypothyroidism, Addisons disease

39
Q

which type of anaemia does frontal bossing occur in

A

Beta thalassaemia

40
Q

Beta thalassaemia major age of onset

A

6-24 months of age

41
Q

diagnostic test for Beta thalassaemia

A

Hb electrophoresis

42
Q

management of beta thalassaemia major

A

regular (2-4 weeks) blood transfusions for rest of life

43
Q

blood results in thalassaemia

A

low Hb
low MCV

44
Q

in beta thalassaemia major, how many damaged/missing genes for beta-globin are there

A

2

45
Q

Severest form of α thalassaemia

A

Hb Barts Hydrops Foetalis Syndrome

46
Q

Alpha thalassaemia HbH disease

A

only one alpha gene left

47
Q

example of Problems with porphyrin synthesis

A

sideroblastic anaemia

48
Q

microcytic cells are hypochromic which means -

A

lacking in colour

49
Q

haemolytic anaemia

A

condition characterised by the destruction or ‘lysis’ of red blood cells

50
Q

sickle syndromes

A

group of genetic disorders that affect the structure of haemoglobin, resulting in the production of HbS

51
Q

sickle cell trait Hb..

A

HbAS

52
Q

beta genes in sickle cell trait

A

one normal, one abnormal b gene

53
Q

sickle cell anaemia Hb..

A

HbSS

54
Q

sickle cell anaemia beta genes

A

2 abnormal beta genes

55
Q

vaso-occlusive crisis

A

acute pain in the hands and feet due to vaso-occlusion of the small vessels

56
Q

best diagnostic test for sickle cell anaemia

A

HPLC or electophoresis

57
Q

acute chest syndrome symptoms

A

Shortness of breath
chest pain
pyrexia
hypoxia
new chest x-ray changes due to consolidation

58
Q

core triad of acute chest crisis management

A

high-flow oxygen
antibiotics (with atypical cover)
exchange transfusion

59
Q

medication which reduces the frequency and severity of sickle cell crises

A

Hydroxycarbamide

60
Q

moa of Hydroxycarbamide

A

increases the levels of foetal haemoglobin (Hb F) in the blood

61
Q

sickle cell disease anaemia disease pattern

A

autosomal recessive

62
Q

blood count and film in microcytic anaemia

A

low MCV
low MCH

63
Q

management of pernicious anaemia

A

Vitamin B12 injections for life

64
Q

Inherited haemolytic anaemias

A

hereditary spherocytosis
hereditary elliptocytosis
thalassaemia
sickle cell anaemia
G6PD deficiency

65
Q

Acquired haemolytic anaemias

A

Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
Alloimmune haemolytic anaemia (transfusions reactions and haemolytic disease of newborn)
Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria
Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia
Prosthetic valve related haemolysis

66
Q

clinical features of haemolytic anaemia

A

anaemia
splenomegaly
jaundice

67
Q

blood film findings in haemolytic anaemia

A

spherocytes
red cell fragments
Heinz bodies

68
Q

causes of warm autoimmune haemolytic anaemia

A

idiopathic
Lymphoproliferative neoplasms
drugs
SLE

69
Q

which Ig mediates warm autoimmune haemolytic anaemia

A

IgG

70
Q

causes of cold autoimmune haemolytic anaemia

A

Idiopathic
Postinfectious haemolytic anaemia
Lymphoproliferative disorders

71
Q

which Ig mediates cold autoimmune haemolytic anaemia

A

IgM

72
Q

mode of inheritance of G6PD deficiency

A

X-linked recessive disorder

73
Q

causes of microcytic anaemia (TAILS)

A

thalassaemia
anaemia of chronic disease
iron deficiency anaemia
led poisoning
sideroblasic anaemia

My Flashcards Year 2 (35 decks)

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