FOM2 Flashcards
severe vomiting can lead to what acid-base disturbance
metabolic alkalosis
severe anxiety can cause which acid base disturbance
respiratory alkalosis
renal failure primarily causes which acid base disturbance
metabolic acidosis
what is the inheritance pattern of Huntingtons disease
autosomal dominant
what is the inheritance pattern of Marfan syndrome
autosomal dominant
Duchenne muscular dystrophy follows which disease inheritance
x-linked recessive
what is the inheritance pattern of sickle cell anaemia
autosomal recessive
what is the inheritance pattern of thalassaemia
autosomal recessive
what pattern of inheritance does cystic fibrosis follow
autosomal recessive
what genetic test is used to confirm Down syndrome
karotyping
which genetic mutation is most commonly associated with cystic fibrosis
CFTR gene
What is the enzyme responsible for the conjugation of bilirubin in the liver?
UDP-glucuronyltransferase
what is the most likely viral cause of croup
parainfluenza virus
which cell mediates type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity reactions
T cell mediated
A patient with systemic lupus erythematosus develops glomerulonephritis. What type of hypersensitivity is involved?
type III
which hypersensitivity reaction occurs in autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
type II
what are the key features for innate immunity
fast
non-specific
immediate response
no memory
which cells are the first to respond to infection
neutrophils
Which cytokines mediate inflammation in the innate response?
IL-1
IL-6
TNF-a
What is the role of dendritic cells?
antigen presenting cells that link innate to adaptive immunity
what are the key features for adaptive immunity
specific
slower
memory forming
improves with exposure
what are the 2 main cell types involved in adaptive immunity
B cells
T cells
Which MHC class presents to CD4+ T cells?
MHC class II (on APCs)
Which MHC class presents to CD8+ T cells?
MHC class I (on all nucleated cells)
What is the gram stain of Staph aureus?
gram positive cocci in clusters
most common cause of common cold
rhinovirus
What virus causes infectious mononucleosis?
epstein barr virus (EBV)
what cells dominate acute inflammation
neutrophils
what cells dominate chronic inflammation
plasma cells
macrophages
lymphocytes
which key mediators cause vasodilation
histamine
prostaglandins
nitric oxide
what is incidence
number of new cases in a population over a period of time
what is prevalence
total number of cases (new and existing) over a given period of time
what is sensitivity
the ability of a test to correctly identify those with the disease (true positive rate)
what is specificity
the ability of a test to correctly identify those without the disease (true negative rate)
What is lead-time bias in screening?
apparent increase in survival due to earlier diagnosis, not actual improvements in outcome
What is herd immunity?
When enough of a population is immune (via vaccination or prior infection) that disease spread is unlikely.
What is the difference between equality and equity in health?
Equality: same resources for everyone
Equity: resources based on individual needs to ensure equal outcomes
What is a cohort study?
an observational study where participants are grouped by exposure and followed over a period of time to see who develops the outcome
What is a case-control study?
An observational study where participants are grouped by outcome status, and past exposures are compared
relative risk formula (RR)
RR= risk in exposed group/ risk in unexposed group
A mother is a carrier for an X-linked recessive disorder. The father is unaffected. What is the chance their son will be affected?
50%
X-linked recessive diseases- what are the chance of female and male carriers passing on to children
female carriers- 50% daughters affected, 50% sons affected
male carriers- all daughters affected, no sons affected
A 47, XXY karyotype is identified. What condition does this indicate?
Klinifelter syndrome
Which enzyme is directly responsible for synthesising RNA during transcription?
RNA polymerase
which organism is the most common cause of septic arthritis in adults
staph aureus
Which organism is most commonly responsible for necrotising fasciitis?
strep pyogenes
