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My Flashcards Year 2 > Haem- physiology and pathophysiology > Flashcards

Haem- physiology and pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is blood

A

a specialised fluid (tissue) composed of cells suspended in a liquid (plasma)

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2
Q

three types of blood cells

A

red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets

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3
Q

Haematopoiesis

A

production of blood cells

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4
Q

site of Haematopoiesis in an embryo

A

yolk sac (stops by week 10)
then liver (starts by week 6)
then marrow (starts by week 16)
3rd-7th month in the spleen

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5
Q

site of Haematopoiesis at birth

A

mostly bone marrow, liver and spleen when needed

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6
Q

site of Haematopoiesis from birth to maturity

A

number of active sites in bone marrow decreases but retain ability for haematopoiesis

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7
Q

site of Haematopoiesis in adults

A

haematopoiesis restricted to skull, ribs, sternum, pelvis, proximal ends of femur (axial skeleton)

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8
Q

different types of white blood cells

A

granulocytes
monocytes
lymphocytes

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9
Q

examples of granulocytes

A

eosinophils
basophils
neutrophils

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10
Q

neutrophils granules

A

neutral staining granules

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11
Q

function of neutrophils

A

immediate defence cell- phagocytosis

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12
Q

most abundant white blood cell

A

neutrophils

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13
Q

neutrophils nucleus

A

segmented nucleus

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14
Q

eosinophils nucleus

A

bilobed nucleus

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15
Q

eosinophils granules

A

bright orange/red granules

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16
Q

function of eosinophils

A

fight parasitic infections
involved in hypersensitivity- allergies

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17
Q

basophils granules

A

large deep purple granules obscuring nucleus
contain histamine

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18
Q

largest type of white blood cell

A

monocyte

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19
Q

monocytes become-

A

macrophages

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20
Q

which cell is longer lived- monocytes/neutrophils

A

monocytes

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21
Q

Immunophenotyping

A

expression profile of proteins (antigens) on the surface of cells

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22
Q

Bioassays

A

culture in vitro and show lineage of progeny in different growth conditions

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23
Q

common sites for bone marrow aspiration and biopsy

A

posterior iliac crests/sternum
tibia in children

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24
Q

RBCs structure

A

biconcave disc
flexible

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25
Q

PROS AND CONS of RBCs being full of haemoglobin

A

pros- carries oxygen
cons- high oncotic pressure, oxygen rich environment (oxidation risk)

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26
Q

PROS AND CONS of RBCs having no nucleus

A

pros- more deformable, and more room for Hb molecules
cons- can’t divide, can’t replace damaged proteins - limited lifespan

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27
Q

PROS AND CONS of RBCs high surface area/volume ratio

A

pros- gas exchange
cons- need to keep water out

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28
Q

PROS AND CONS of RBCs flexibility

A

pros- to squeeze through capillaries
cons- specialied membrane requirements that can go wrong

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29
Q

structure of haemoglobin

A

tetrameric globular protein
one haem group attached to each globular chain

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30
Q

which is the major form of haemoglobin present in adults

A

HbA

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31
Q

HbA structure

A

2 alpha chains
2 beta chains

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32
Q

HbA2 structure

A

2 alpha chains
2 delta chains

33
Q

HbF (fetal haemoglobin) structure

A

2 alpha chains
2 gamma chains

34
Q

alpha like genes are on chromosome _

A

16

35
Q

beta like genes are on chromosome _

A

11

36
Q

functions of haemoglobin

A

delivers oxygen to tissues
acts as a buffer for H+
CO2 transport

37
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

production of red blood cells

38
Q

where does red cell destruction usually take place

A

spleen (and liver)

39
Q

average lifespan of a red blood cell

A

120 days

40
Q

carbon dioxide transport distribution

A

10% disolved in solution
30% bound to carbamino-Hb
60% bicarbonate

41
Q

oxygen dissociation curve for Hb shape

A

sigmoidal

42
Q

neutrophils lifespan

A

7-8 hours

43
Q

platelets lifespan

A

7-10 days

44
Q

where do haemopoietic stem cells originate embryonically

A

mesoderm

45
Q

bone marrow

A

a complex organ surrounded by a shell of bone with a neurovascular supply

46
Q

increase in yellow/red marrow with age

A

yellow- inactive marrow

47
Q

ferric form of iron

A

Fe3+

48
Q

ferrous form of iron

A

Fe2+

49
Q

where does iron absorption mainly occur

A

duodenum

50
Q

how many oxygen molecules can each haemoglobin bind

A

up to 4

51
Q

how much atoms of iron does each haemoglobin molecule contain

A

4

52
Q

how do the oxygen saturation curves of foetal Hb and myoglobin compare to that of adult Hb

A

both are shifted to the left of that of adult Hb

53
Q

cooperative binding occurs between which molecules during oxygen transport

A

oxygen binding to haem

54
Q

what does 2-3 DPG binding promote

A

the release of oxygen from haemoglobin

55
Q

what is the effect of 2-3 DPG on the oxygen saturation curve

A

shifts the curve to the right

56
Q

-penia =

A

shortage of

57
Q

-cytosis or -phillia =

A

an excess

58
Q

platelets nucleus

A

anucleate

59
Q

where are platelets formed

A

in marrow

60
Q

For a day or two the new red cell looks a bit more blue than older ones on the blood film.
Why?

A

The more immature cells have some RNA in them still

61
Q

what is Malignant haemopoiesis usually characterised by

A

increased numbers of abnormal and dysfunctional cells
loss of normal activity

62
Q

Malignant haemopoiesis due to

A

Increased proliferation
Lack of differentiation/maturation
Lack of apoptosis

63
Q

driver mutations

A

confer growth advantage on the cells and are selected during evolution of the cancer

64
Q

passenger mutations

A

happen to be present in an ancester of the cancer cell when it acquired one of its drivers- ‘bystander’

65
Q

‘clones’

A

population of cells derived from a single parent cell

66
Q

types of lymphocytes

A

B cells
T cells- T helper cells, T cytotoxic cells
NK cells

67
Q

Predominant B cell immune response-

A

autoimmune conditions
infection

68
Q

Predominant T cell immune response

A

viral infections, drugs e.g. phenytoin, dermatopathic

69
Q

Troiseries sign

A

Virchows node- enlargement of a left-sided supraclavicular lymph node indicating metastasis from an abdominal malignancy

70
Q

Sentinel lymph node

A

the first lymph node to which cancer cells are most likely to spread

71
Q

spleen location

A

located high in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen

72
Q

spleens vascular supply

A

Supplied by splenic artery and drained by splenic vein

73
Q

function of the spleen

A

acts as a filter for the blood

74
Q

features of hyposplenism in the blood

A

Howell-Jolly bodies

75
Q

monocyte nucleus

A

single nucleus that is usually kidney-shaped, but can also be round, folded, indented, or horseshoe-shaped

76
Q

philadelphia chromosome

A

t (9:22)

77
Q

where are mast cells derived from

A

common myeloid progenitor cells

78
Q

What usually stimulates platelet production

A

thrombopoietin

My Flashcards Year 2 (35 decks)

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