Endo- diabetes

Question 1

type 1 diabetes

Answer 1

autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells resulting in beta cell deficiency and therefore absolute insulin deficiency

Question 2

type 1A diabetes

Answer 2

immune mediated

Question 3

type 1B diabetes

Answer 3

non-immune mediated

Question 4

type 1B diabetes common nationalities

Answer 4

African/asian

Question 5

peak age group for type 1 diabetes

Answer 5

10-14 years

Question 6

HLA genotypes of type 1 diabetes

Answer 6

DR3-DQ2 and DR4-DQ8

Question 7

type 1 diabetes environmental risk factors

Answer 7

maternal factors (gestational infection, older age)
viral infection
exposure to dietary constituents such as early introduction to cows milk and vitamin d deficiency
environmental toxins
childhood obesity
psychological stress

Question 8

insulin deficiency symptoms

Answer 8

polyuria
polydipsia
weight loss

Question 9

fasting glucose in diabetes

Answer 9

> /= 7mmol/l

Question 10

random glucose in diabetes

Answer 10

> /= 11.1mmol/l

Question 11

basal

Answer 11

long acting once daily

Question 12

bolus

Answer 12

short acting with meals

Question 13

type 2 diabetes

Answer 13

combination of insulin resistance and less severe insulin deficiency

Question 14

main risk factor for type 2 diabetes

Answer 14

obesity

Question 15

first line treatment in type 2 diabetes

Answer 15

metformin and lifestyle management

Question 16

MODY

Answer 16

early onset (<25) on non-insulin dependent diabetes

Question 17

MODY is monogenetic true/false

Answer 17

true

Question 18

glucokinase mutations in MODY

Answer 18

onset at birth
stable hyperglycaemia

Question 19

transcription factor mutations in MODY

Answer 19

adolescence/YA
progressive hyperglycaemia

Question 20

oral glucose tolerance test for MODY results

Answer 20

glucokinase mutation respond well
transcription factor do not respond well

Question 21

management for glucokinase mutation MODY

Answer 21

diet alone

Question 22

management for transcription factor mutation MODY

Answer 22

diet and treatment with insulin/sulphonylureas

Question 23

is neonatal diabetes monogenetic

Answer 23

yes

Question 24

T1 and T2DM complications during pregnancy

Answer 24

congenital malformation
prematurity
IUGR

Question 25

gestational diabetes complications during pregnancy

Answer 25

intra uterine death
macrosomia (big baby)
polyhydromnios

Question 26

diabetes complications in neonates

Answer 26

respiratory distress (immature lungs)
hypoglycaemia/hypocalcaemia- fits
skeletal abnormalities
CNS defects- spina bifida eg
genital and GI abnormalities
seizures

Question 27

diabetes in pregnancy medication

Answer 27

folic acid 5mg at least 3months prior to conception
start aspirin 150mg at 12 weeks

Question 28

DIDMOAD/wolfram syndrome

Answer 28

genetic condition characterised by-
diabetes insipidus
childhood onset diabetes mellitus
gradual loss of vision- optic atrophy
deafness

Question 29

diabetic nephropathy- if ACR<30 or PCR<50

Answer 29

microalbuminuria

Question 30

diabetic nephropathy- if ACR>30 or PCR>50

Answer 30

proteinuria

Question 31

microalbuminuria treatment

Answer 31

ACEi/ARB
SGLT2i

Question 32

diabetic neuropathy risk factors

Answer 32

> length diabetes
poor glycemic control
more common in T1DM
smoking
alcohol
genetics
mechanical injury

Question 33

symptoms of diabetic peripheral neuropathy

Answer 33

pain/loss of feeling in feet/hands
‘glove and stocking’ distribution
distal symmetrical
numbness/tingling

Question 34

management of painful neuropathy

Answer 34

amitriptyline, duloxetine, gabapentin, or pregabalin

Question 35

which cell mediates the autoimmune destruction of beta cells in T1DM

Answer 35

T cells